十四、直接引语和间接引语,(一)定义： 直接引述别人的话, 叫直接引语。被引用的部分放在引号里；用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语，间接引语不用引号，在多数情况下以宾语从句的形式出现。,（二）直接引语和间接引语的变化规则 1.人称变化：“一随主, 二随宾, 第三人称不更新”。 “一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。例如： She said, “My brother wants to go with me. ”She said her brother wanted to go with her. “二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称，或被第二人称所修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。,例如： He said to Kate， “How is your sister now?” He asked Kate how her sister was then。 “第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句 中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。例如： Mr. Smith said ，“Jack is a good worker。” Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker。,2.时态变化 直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。现 在时态需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成 时则保留原来的时态。例如： She said, “I have lost a pen.” She said she had lost a pen. She said, “We hope so.” She said they hoped so. She said, “He will go to see his friend.” She said he would go to see his friend.,但要注意直接引语是客观真理时，时态一般不变化。 “The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth,” the teacher told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.,3.连接词 (1)直接引语是陈述句, 变成间接引语时, 由连词that 引导, that 可以省略。 She said, “I am very happy to help you.” She said that she was very happy to help me.,(2) 直接引语是一般疑问句，变成间接引语时，由连词whether或if 引导。 He asked me, “Do you like playing football?” He asked me if/whether I liked playing football. 注意：大多数情况下，if和whether 可以互换，但后有or not,或在动词不定式前，或放在介词后作连接词时，一般只用whether。 She asked me whether he could do it or not. He hesitated about whether to drive or take the train.,(3) 直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由相应的疑问词who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引导。 My sister asked me, “How do you like the film?” My sister asked me how I liked the film.,(4) 直接引语是祈使句，变成间接引语时，把动词原形变成动词不定式，并在动词不定式前加tell, ask, order 等的宾语。 The captain ordered, “Be quiet.” The captain ordered us to be quiet. 注意：此种情况的否定句，在动词不定式前加not。 My teacher said to me, “Dont laugh.” My teacher asked me not to laugh.,4.语序的变化 间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序，即主、谓、宾的顺序。 He asked Lucy, “Where did you go?” He asked Lucy where she went. Tom said, “What do you want, Ann?” Tom asked Ann what she wanted.,模拟演练 把下面的直接引语改为间接引语 1. The reporter asked the girl, “Do you like your volunteer work on weekends?” The reporter asked the girl _ she _ her volunteer work on weekends. 2. “Why do you stay at home?” my father asked. My father asked _ I _ at home.,3. The woman teacher asked the students ，“ Can you understand what I am saying?” The woman teacher asked the students _ _ could understand what she was saying. 4. “Are there any new markets in Asia? ” the sales manager asked. The sales manager asked _ there _ any new markets in Asia.,5. “Will you please open the window?” she said to him. She _ him _ open the window. 答案：1. if; liked 2. why; stayed 3. if/whether they 4. if; were 5. asked; to,6. “Are you interested in this?” he said. He _ _ I was interested in _. 7. “I bought the house 10 years ago.” he said. He said that he _ bought the house 10 years _. 8. “Did you see her last week?” he said. He _ _ I had seen her the week _.,9. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.” He _ Jim that he _ sit there. 10. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?” He asked her mother _ _ _ found it. 答案：6. asked if /whether； that 7. had；before 8. asked if /whether； before 9. told； could 10. how she had,11. “Where have you been these days?” he asked. He asked me _ _ _been _ days. 12. “Do you know where she lives?” he asked. He asked _ _ knew where she _. 13. “Stop making so much noise, children.” he said. He _ the children _ _ making so much noise. 14. “Dont tell him the news.” she said. She told me _ _ _ him the news. 答案：11. where I had；those 12. if /whether I； lived 13. told； to stop 14. not to tell,