第十三章非谓语动词 非谓语动词是指不能作谓语的动词形式，即不定式、动名词、现在分间和过去分词。非谓语动词是历年中考考查的重点之一，因为它们结构复杂，功能繁多，也是学生难以掌握的语法点。考查重点主要有动词不定式与动名词作宾语的固定拼配，现在分词与过去分词作形容词的区别，动词不定式的各种用法。学习过程中要多做练习，夯实基础。内容导视知识点1动词不定式知识点2动名词知识点3现在非常知识点4过去分词知识详单知识点1动词不定式不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to+动词原形”。不定式可以带宾语状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。1.不定式的结构结构例句一般式主动:to doShe was invited by the school to speak to the new students.她受到学校的邀请为新生讲话。The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.明天要开的会议很重要。被动:to be done进行时主动:to be doingHe pretended to be reading a book when Icame in.当我进来时，他假装在看书。完成时主动:to have doneWe seem to have met somewhere.我们仿佛在哪儿见过。This book is reported to have been translated into German.据报道，这本书已经被译成德语。被动:to have been done【知识拓展】不定式的完成时表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，“to have done”表示主动、完成，而“to have been done”表示被动，完成。完成进行时主动:to have been doing(表示动作在谓语动作发生之前一直在进行)John is said to have been working in that computer company since then.据说约翰自从那时以来一直在那家电脑公司工作。【知识拓展】不定式的否定形式:在不定式符号to前加否定词not。例如:Try not to eat between meals.两餐之间尽量别吃东西。He pretended not to have heard about it.他假装没听说过这件事。2.不定式的句法功能成分说明例句主语动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在后面To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.( =It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.)在十分钟内完成这项工作很难。 Its+adj+ of + sb. + to do sth.(常可改为sb.+be+adj+ to do sth. )其中的形容词主要是描述人的性格和品质方面的，如brave勇敢的;clever聪明的。Crazy疯狂的;cruel残忍的，foolish愚蠢的，kind好心的，友善的等等。例如:Its extremely kind of you to come and meet me. ( = You are extremely kind to come and meet me.)您来接我.真是太好了。 Its +adj+ for + sb. + to do sth.其中的形容词用于描述不定式动作，如dangerous危险的;difficult困难的;easy容易的;hard困难的;important重要的;impossible不可能的;等等。例如:Its dangerous for you to drive sofast.你开车这么快是危险的。表语多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换为作主语Her job is to clean the hall.(=To clean the hall is her job.)她的工作就是打扫大厅。宾语只能作某些动词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语Tom cant afford to buy a car at present.汤姆目前买不起汽车。He likes to play football.他喜欢踢足球。【知识拓展】常接动词不定式作宾语的动词，afford提供，买得起;agree同意;ask请求;decide决定，下决心 ; expect期望，预料;fail失致，未能做到;help帮助;hope希望;intend打算，想要;manage设法;offer提出，提供;promise允诺，许诺;refuse拒绝;plan计划;wish希望宾语补足语在make, let, see, hear, watch等使役、感官动词后，不定式省略toI saw him cross the road.我看到他穿过街道。She asked me not to speak Chinese in an English class.她让我在英语课上不要讲汉语。【知识拓展】常接动词不定式作宾补的动词:advise建议;allow允许;ask要求，叫:expect期望;forbid禁止;force强迫;get使得;hate僧恨，厌恶; help帮助;intend打算，想要;invite邀请;order命令;permit允许;promise允诺，许诺;prefer宁愿; remind提n ; request要求，请求;tell告诉，吩咐;urge力劝，催促;want想要;warn誉告;wish希望定语不定式作定语一般放在被修饰词的后面He is looking for a room to live in.他在寻找一间居住的房子。On the farm everyone has lots of work to do.在农场，每个人都有很多活要干。j【知识拓展】，.1.不定式作后置定语，与被修饰的词是动宾关系，如果动词为不及物动词，后面须加上相应的介词;如果不定式修饰time, place, way等，可以省略介词。例如:There is nothing to worry about.没有什么可担心的。He has no place to live.他没有住的地方。2.不定式修饰不定代词something, anything等时，放在它们的后面，如果不定代词也被形容词修饰，词序是“不定代词+形容词+不定式”。例如:I had something cold to drink.我有冷饮可以喝。状语表目的He worked day and night to earn money.为了挣钱，他日夜工作。表结果He arrived late to find the train gone.他来晚了，结果发现火车开走了。表原因They were very sad to hear the news听到这个消息他们非常伤心。【知识拓展】1.如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语(不定式)后里，放在宾语补足语后面。例如: Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.马克思认为研究俄国的形势很重要。2.不定式在介词but后面时，如果介词but之前有行为动词do的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，否则就要带to，例如:I have no choice but to stay here. 我别无选择只能待在这儿。I have nothing to do but stay here.我什么都做不了.只能待在这儿。3不定式作动词tell, show, understand, explain, teach , learn, advise, discuss等的宾语时，不定式前面常带疑问词，即:疑问词 ( how, when, where, what, who). . + to do。例如:He told us how to learn English.他告诉我们如何学英语。4.不定式符号to的保留问题:有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列动词后:expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try以及be glad/happy, would like/love等后面。例如:I havent been to Hong Kong, but I wish to。我没去过香港，但我想去。知识点2动名词 既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能，由“动词原形+ ing”构成。1.动名词的结构结构例句一般式主动:doingThey are interested in collecting stamps.他们对集邮感兴趣。被动:being doneHe came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。完成式主动:having done(表示主动、完成)We remembered having seen the film.我们记得看过这部电影。被动:having been done(表示被动、完成)He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州。【知识拓展】1.动名词的否定形式:在动名词之前加上否定词not(如“having done”的否定式为“not having done )。例如:He regrets not following my advice.他后悔没听从我的建议。2.动名词的复合结构:当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，可构成动名词的复合结构。作主语时，使用“物主代词(或名词所有格)+动名词”;作宾语时，使用“物主代词(或人称代词宾格/名词所有格/名词的普通格)+动名词”。例如:He suggested our/us trying it once again.他建议我们再试一次。2.动名词的句法功能成分说明例句主语谓语动词用单数Reading aloud is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的。表语多数情况下，动名词作表语可转化成作主语His job is teaching English.(=Teaching English is his job.)他的工作是教英语。宾语作动词或介词的宾语，表示一般的习惯、抽象行为或经常性的动作They havent finished building the dam.他们还没有建好大坝。We are thinking of making a new plan.我们正考虑制订新计划。定语只表示它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等，置于修饰语之前He cant walk without a walking stick他没有拐杖不能走路。【知识拓展】1.当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。例如:Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。2.动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用it作形式宾语。例如:We