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第2节盖斯定律及其应用板块三 限时规范特训时间:45分钟满分:100分 一、选择题(每题7分,共77分)12017河北武邑中学调研已知反应:H2(g)O2(g)=H2O(g)H1N2(g)O2(g)=NO2(g)H2N2(g)H2(g)=NH3(g)H3则反应2NH3(g)O2(g)=2NO2(g)3H2O(g)的H为()A2H12H22H3 BH1H2H3C3H12H22H3 D3H12H22H3答案C解析根据盖斯定律,由322可得2NH3(g)O2(g)=2NO2(g)3H2O(g)则有H3H12H22H3,C项正确。2已知:NH3H2O(aq)与H2SO4(aq)反应生成1 mol正盐的H24.2 kJmol1,强酸、强碱稀溶液反应的中和热为H57.3 kJmol1,则NH3H2O在水溶液中电离的H等于()A69.4 kJmol1 B45.2 kJmol1C69.4 kJmol1 D45.2 kJmol1答案D解析由题给条件可先写出NH3H2O(aq)H(aq)=NH(aq)H2O(l)H12.1 kJmol1,H(aq)OH(aq)=H2O(l)H57.3 kJmol1,根据盖斯定律,由即可得到NH3H2O(aq)NH(aq)OH(aq)H45.2 kJmol1,D正确。32017河南洛阳期中已知:Fe2O3(s)C(s)=CO2(g)2Fe(s)H1234.1 kJmol1C(s)O2(g)=CO2(g)H2393.5 kJmol1则2Fe(s)O2(g)=Fe2O3(s)的H是()A824.4 kJmol1 B627.6 kJmol1C744.7 kJmol1 D159.4 kJmol1答案A解析分析题给两个热化学方程式,根据盖斯定律,由可得:2Fe(s)O2(g)=Fe2O3(s),则有HH2H1(393.5 kJmol1)(234.1 kJmol1)824.4 kJmol1。4已知下列四个热化学方程式(H的单位均为kJ/mol):NH4Cl(s)=NH3(g)HCl(g)H1a()Ba(OH)28H2O(s)=BaO(s)9H2O(l)H2b()2NH4Cl(s)Ba(OH)28H2O(s)=BaCl2(aq)2NH3(g)10H2O(l)H3c()BaO(s)2HCl(aq)=BaCl2(aq)H2O(l)H4d()其中a、b、c均大于0,HCl气体溶解于水,溶液温度升高。由此可知下列判断一定正确的是()Ad0 Bc2abd答案B解析通过给出的信息无法判断反应()是放热反应还是吸热反应,A错误;根据题目提示信息可得:HCl(g)=HCl(aq)H5e,由盖斯定律可确定c2abd2e,因e0,故c(2abd)0,即c0, H30,H40CH1H2H3 DH3H4H5答案C解析C与O2生成CO2的反应是放热反应,H10,CO与O2生成CO2的反应是放热反应,H30,铁与氧气的反应是放热反应,H40,A、B项错误;前两个方程式相减得:2CO(g)O2(g)=2CO2(g)H3H1H2,即H1H2H3,C项正确;由4Fe(s)3O2(g)=2Fe2O3(s)H4和6CO(g)2Fe2O3(s)=6CO2(g)4Fe(s)2H5相加,得2CO(g)O2(g)=2CO2(g)H3(H42H5)/3,D项错误。72017江西南昌摸底调研已知:2C(s)O2(g)=2CO(g)H221.0 kJmol1C(s)O2(g)=CO2(g)H393.5 kJmol12H2(g)O2(g)=2H2O(g)H483.6 kJmol1则制备水煤气的反应C(s)H2O(g)=CO(g)H2(g)的H为()A131.3 kJmol1 B131.3 kJmol1C373.1 kJmol1 D373.1 kJmol1答案A解析根据盖斯定律,由可得C(s)H2O(g)=CO(g)H2(g),则有H(221.0 kJmol1)(483.6 kJmol1)131.3 kJmol1。8已知:C(s)H2O(g)=CO(g)H2(g)Ha kJmol12C(s)O2(g)=2CO(g) H220 kJmol1HH、O=O和OH键的键能分别为436、496和462 kJmol1,则a为()A332 B118 C350 D130答案D解析根据盖斯定律由题给的两个热化学方程式可得:2H2O(g)=2H2(g)O2(g)H(2a220) kJmol1,则有:4462 kJmol12436 kJmol1496 kJmol1(2a220) kJmol1,解得a130,故选项D正确。92018北京朝阳统考联氨(N2H4)是一种应用广泛的化工原料,可用作火箭燃料。已知:N2H4(l)N2O4(l)=N2(g)2H2O(l)H546.45 kJmol1H2O(g)=H2O(l) H44.0 kJmol1则2N2H4(l)N2O4(l)=3N2(g)4H2O(g)的H是()A916.9 kJmol1 B458.45 kJmol1C916.9 kJmol1 D458.45 kJmol1答案A解析根据盖斯定律,由24可得2N2H4(l)N2O4(l)=3N2(g)4H2O(g),则有H(546.45 kJmol1)2(44.0 kJmol1)4916.9 kJmol1。10在1200 时,天然气脱硫工艺中会发生下列反应:H2S(g)O2(g)=SO2(g)H2O(g)H12H2S(g)SO2(g)=S2(g)2H2O(g)H2H2S(g)O2(g)=S(g)H2O(g)H32S(g)=S2(g)H4则H4的正确表达式为()AH4(H1H23H3)BH4(3H3H1H2)CH4(H1H23H3)DH4(H1H23H3)答案A解析首先找到式中含有S2(g)、式中含有S(g),2得2S(g)SO2(g)H2O(g)=H2S(g)S2(g)O2(g),然后再加得2S(g)=S2(g),所以H4H2H1H32。112018兰州一中高三月考已知:2H2(g)O2(g)=2H2O(l)H571.6 kJmol12CH3OH(l)3O2(g)=2CO2(g)4H2O(l)H1452 kJmol1H(aq)OH(aq)=H2O(l)H57.3 kJmol1下列说法正确的是()AH2(g)的燃烧热为142.9 kJmol1B同质量的H2(g)和CH3OH(l)完全燃烧,H2(g)放出的热量多C.H2SO4(aq)Ba(OH)2(aq)=BaSO4(s)H2O(l)H57.3 kJmol1D3H2(g)CO2(g)=CH3OH(l)H2O(l)H131.4 kJmol1答案B解析根据燃烧热的定义可知,H2(g)的燃烧热为285.8 kJmol1,A项错误;2 mol (即4 g) H2(g)完全燃烧放出571.6 kJ的热量,2 mol(即64 g) CH3OH(l)完全燃烧放出1452 kJ的热量,故单位质量的H2(g)放出的热量多,B项正确;HOH=H2O和Ba2SO=BaSO4都是放热的,所以反应H57.3 kJmol1,C项错误;将题干中的热化学方程式依次编号为,根据盖斯定律,由,可得热化学方程式:3H2(g)CO2(g)=CH3OH(l)H2O(l)H131.4 kJmol1,D项错误。二、非选择题(共23分)12. (12分)现利用如图装置进行中和热的测定,请回答下列问题:(1)该图中有两处未画出,它们是_、_。(2)把温度为15.0 ,浓度为0.5 molL1的酸溶液和0.55 molL1的碱溶液各50 mL混合(溶液密度均为1 gmL1),生成溶液的比热容c4.18 Jg11,轻轻搅动,测得酸碱混合液的温度变化数据如下:反应物起始温度t1/终止温度t2/中和热HClNaOH15.018.4H1HClNH3H2O15.018.1H2试计算上述两组实验测出的中和热H1_,H2_。两组实验
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