SUMMARY WRITINGn Definition and characteristicsn Steps in writing a summaryn How to write a summaryn Writing Practice1. What Is Summary? n A summary is a shortened passage, which retains the essential information of the original. It is a fairly brief restatement - in your own words - of the contents of a passage. n Note: You simply report back what the writer has said, without making value judgments. 2. Characteristics of a good summaryn Briefness Omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information. (length: 1/4-1/3 of original text)n Completeness to include all the main and supporting points delivered in your own words in a condensed mannern Coherencerather than an outline listed as key words and phrase, a summary is a paragraph with necessary transitions and function structures to make it flow. n Objectivity to contain only the ideas or information of the original. Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic.Some Useful Expressions of TransitionOn one hand,.On the other hand,One reason is Another reason is Still another reason is The final reason is To begin with, Whats more,In addition,Finally,In short, From what is mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that .3. Steps in Writing a Summaryn Read the article 1). Divide the article into sections of ideas. Each section deals with one aspect of the central theme. 2). Label (classify) each section with a general phrase that captures the subject matter of the section. 3). Highlight or underline the main idea and key pointsTopic: _Outlines: 1. _a. b. c. . 2. _3. _n Begin with a proper citation of the title, author, source, date of publication and the main idea of the article summarized.n Write according to your outlines.n Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow of ideas.n Compress supporting details 1). Omit the details2). Reduce the examples3). Simplify the descriptions4). Eliminate all repetitions5). Compress wordy sentences and change clauses or sentences to phrases and phrases to words.6). Use general words instead of specific words7). Use the shortest possible transitions8). Avoid figurative (比喻的) language9). Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speechBeginning a Summaryn Begin your summary with1. The authors name2. The articles or chapters name3. The authors thesis statement-a general overview (survey概述) of the articleThe Opening Sentence: e.g. In the feature (特写；专题) article Four Kinds of Reading, the author, Donald Hall, explains his opinion about different types of reading. The Body：First of all, the author describes He then points out that In addition, the author talks about . Finally, the author suggests. Some other introductory phrases 1. (The author) states in (this article) that.2. (The author, in (this article) shows that.3. In (this article), (the author) writes that.4. As (the author) says in (this article), .5. The main idea of (the authors article) is6. The author believes (holds; maintains; claims; argues; points out; suggests; proposes)that + clause7. The author talks about (explains; describes; reveals; discusses; focuses on) + n.写作提示 How to use transitional words or phrases correctlyIn order to organize a good paragraph or composition, you should learn to use transitions（转换词）properly. When a runner in a relay race passes his wand（接力棒）to another team member, his team keeps moving ahead. When a writer uses transitions, he keeps his ideas moving ahead.Transitions are words or phrases that join one idea to another. They add coherence(连贯性)to writing by joining ideas together. You can write good paragraphs by using transitions correctly.Transitions placed in sentences within a paragraph make it easier for a reader to follow the movement of an idea from one sentence to the next.1. 次序：First and foremost, First, Firstly, Second, Secondly, third, thirdly, then=next=after that=afterwards. 例: Then you come to a traffic light and turn right.2. 强调：Certainly=Surely=really=truly=indeed, above all=most importantAs a matter of fact=in reality=to tell the truth. 例: Above all, do not build an open fire in a forest. Indeed a dessert is always enjoyable. I am going there tomorrow, as a matter of fact.3. 说明：For example, for instance, such, so=thus=in this / that way=like this, in fact=in truth=really 例: Thus the trip finally began. Such an earthquake happened last year in China. So it was that he had his first sight of snow. For eight years she was in fact spying for the enemy.4. 对照：whereas=but in contrast=while, On the contrary, instead of, on the other hand.instead=as an alternative 例: The husband wanted a boy, whereas the wife wanted a girl. Weve no coffee. Would you like tea instead