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妊娠滋养细胞疾病,成都市第五人民医院 黄远东,像天上美丽的繁星,像地上散落的珍珠, 像春天美丽的花环,像冬天飘零的白雪, 是冷酷的杀手!,妊娠滋养细胞疾病(gestational trophoblastic disease,GTD)是一组来源于胎盘滋养细胞的疾病,包括(including): 葡萄胎 (hydatidiform mole) 侵蚀性葡萄胎(Invasive mole) 绒毛膜癌(Choriocarcinoma) 胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤(placental site trophoblastic tumor),Conception,侵蚀性葡萄胎、绒癌和胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤,统称为妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤(gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, GTN),Conception,第一节 葡萄胎,葡萄胎(hydatidiform mole,HM):胎盘绒毛滋养细胞增生(hyperplasia of placetal villi)、间质水肿形成大小不等的水泡,水泡间借蒂相连成串形如葡萄。又称水泡状胎块。,部分性葡萄胎(partial hydatidiform mole),完全性葡萄胎(complete hydatidiform mole)占多数,葡萄胎,一 相关因素(pathogenic factors),1.地域或种族因素(area or race factor) 亚洲和拉丁美洲国家的发生率 ,北美和欧洲国家的发生率,2.细胞遗传异常(abnormal cell heredity) 完全性葡萄胎的染色体核型为二倍体(the chromosome karyotype of complete HM is diploid), 均来自父系。90%为46XX,10%为46XY。,完全性葡萄胎(complete hydatidiform mole),一 相关因素(pathogenic factors),3. 其他因素(other factors) 营养因素(nutration factor) 食物中缺乏维生 素A(vitamin A)、胡萝卜素(carotene)和动物 脂肪 (animal fat)者,机会增多。 年龄因素(age factor) 前次妊娠葡萄胎史(case history of HM in revious pregnancy) 有过1次葡萄胎史者再次妊娠的发生率为1% 有过2次葡萄胎史者再次妊娠的发生率为1520%,完全性葡萄胎(complete hydatidiform mole),一 相关因素(pathogenic factors),部分性葡萄胎(partial hydatidiform mole),发生率远低于完全性葡萄胎 有关部分性葡萄胎高危因素(high riskb factor) 的报道很少 部分性葡萄胎的核型90%以上为三倍体 (more than 90% of the karyotype of partial hydatidiform mole is triploid),最常见的 核型是 69XXY(the most common karyotype is 69XXY),其余为69XXX或69XYY。,一 相关因素(pathogenic factors),部分性葡萄胎(partial hydatidiform mole),由1个单倍体卵子(ovum)和两个正常单倍 体精子(sperm)或一个减数分裂缺陷的双 倍体精子结合形成。 多余的父源基因是造成滋养细胞增生的主 要原因(principle cause),二、病理 (pathology),完全性葡萄胎,Complete hydatidiform mole,二、病理 (pathology),肉眼观(macroscopic observation) 形如葡萄串,水泡直径(diameter)由数毫米至数厘米不等,水泡由纤细的纤维素相连。,葡萄胎组织中常混有血块及蜕膜碎片(often mixed with blood clot and the pieces of deciduas),完全性葡萄胎,镜下观(microscopic observation)可见绒毛体积增大,间质水肿,绒毛内血管消失(the blood vessels in villa are disappeared),还可见弥漫性滋养细胞增生(diffuse proliferation of trophocyte),二、病理 (pathology),完全性葡萄胎,完全性葡萄胎,二、病理 (pathology),超声图像,二、病理 (pathology),完全性葡萄胎,CT图像,二、病理 (pathology),部分性葡萄胎,肉眼观(macroscopic observation) 仅部分绒毛变为水泡,常合并有胚胎或胎儿组织 (embryonic or fetal tissue)。胎儿多数已死亡,少数幸存胎儿常合并宫内生长迟缓(intrauterine growth retardation)或多发性畸形(multiple malformations),二、病理 (pathology),部分性葡萄胎,二、病理 (pathology),部分性葡萄胎,二、病理 (pathology),部分性葡萄胎,二、病理 (pathology),部分性葡萄胎,镜下观(microscopic observation) 可见滋养细胞(trophocyte) 增生程度较轻, 间质内 可见胎源性血管、胚 胎(embryo)和胎膜 (fetal membranes) 的组织结构,三、临床表现(clinical manifestations),完全性葡萄胎,是最常见的症状(mostly common symptom) 停经时间一般在812周(the period of menolipsis is about 8 to 12 weeks) 长期反复出血可导致贫血和继发感染(may cause anemia and secondary infection) 大量流血可引起失血性休克(hemorrhagic shock),1.停经后阴道流血 (vaginal bleeding after menolipsis),三、临床表现(clinical manifestations),完全性葡萄胎,2. 子宫异常增大(abnormal enlargement of uterus)约半 数以上患者子宫大于停经月份 3. 血清人绒毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotrophin, HCG)水平异常升高(the serum level of HCG is abnormally elevated) 4. 腹痛(abdominal pain) 子宫收缩痛(uterotonic pain) 卵巢黄素囊肿蒂扭转或破裂(pediculotorsion or rupture of theca lutein ovarian cyst),5. 妊娠剧吐(vomiting of pregnancy) 出现时间较正常妊娠早、症状重、持续时间长(the onset is earlier, the symptom is more serious, the period of symptom is longer than normal pregnancy),妊娠期高血压疾病征象(signs and symptoms of pregnancy induced hypertension) 可在妊娠20周前出现高血压(hypertension)、蛋白尿 (proteinuria)、水肿(edema),容易发展至子痫前期 (preeclampsia),三、临床表现(clinical manifestations),完全性葡萄胎,7. 卵巢黄素化囊肿(theca lutein ovarian cyst) 系大量HCG刺激卵泡内膜细胞(theca interna cells)发生 黄素化而形成的囊肿 多在葡萄胎清除后2-4个月自然消退(spontaneously disappeared),甲状腺功能亢进征象(signs and symptons of hyperthyroidism) HCG水平的升高常伴有T3、T4水平的增高,三、临床表现(clinical manifestations),完全性葡萄胎,可有完全性葡萄胎的大多数症状,但程度较轻 (there are great majority of symptoms of complete hydatidiform mole, but the degree of symptoms are slighter than the complete one),最终的确诊通常需要组织学检查(the confirmed diagnosis is usually needed by means of histologic or pathologic examination),三、临床表现(clinical manifestations),部分性葡萄胎,四、自然转归(spontaneous end-result),1.完全性葡萄胎具有局部侵犯和/或远处转移的潜 在危险(complete hydatidiform mole has the potential risks of local invasion and/or distant metastasis),葡萄胎排出后,子宫局部侵犯的发生率约为 15%,远处转移的发生率约为4%(the incidence of local invasion of uterus is about 15%, the Incidence of distant metastasis is about 4%),HCG100000U/L 子宫体积明显大于相应孕周 (corresponding pregnancy weeks) 卵巢黄素囊肿直径6cm(the diameter of theca lutein ovarian cyst is more than 6 cm) 患者年龄40岁 重复性葡萄胎(repeated hydatidiform mole),局部侵犯和远处转移的高危因素 (the high risk factors of local invasion and distant metastasis are as follows),四、自然转归(spontaneous end-result),首次降至正常的时间约为9周,最长不超过14周 葡萄胎排空后,HCG持续阳性者应考虑妊娠滋养细胞 肿瘤(persistent gestational trophoblastic tumor),部分性葡萄胎发生子宫局部侵犯的几率为 2-4%,一般不发生转移。,4. 葡萄胎排空后HCG下降的的规律 ( descending regular rule of HCG),四、自然转归(spontaneous end-result),五、诊断(diagnosis),临床表现(clinical manifestations),停经后不规则阴道流血 (abnormal vaginal bleeding after menolipsis) 子宫异常增大(abnormal enlargement of uterus) 阵发性下腹疼痛(paroxysmal pain in the lower abdomen) 严重的妊娠剧吐(serious vomiting of pregnancy) 孕5个月时尚不能触及胎位,听不到胎心 较早出现妊娠期高血压疾病征象 (the signs of pregnancy induced hypertension),辅助检查 (accessory examinations),血清-HCG测定(-HCG assay o
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