生物化学 Biochemistry 周丛照 李卫芳 2008年9月1日,绪论 大纲：课程主要内容及要求 引子：生物化学的历史和发展趋势,教材： 生物化学，第三版，王镜岩等主编， 2002年，高教出版社 参考书： 1. Biochemistry, Jeremy M. Berg John L. Tymoczko Lubert Stryer 5th edition W. H. Freeman and Company 2. Biochemistry, Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet. 3rd edition, 2003, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.,生物化学（上） 54学时 第一章 绪论 (2学时) （周丛照） 第二章 蛋白质 (16学时) （周丛照） 2.1 20种氨基酸的结构和性质（2学时） 2.2 蛋白质中的共价结构（2学时） 2.3 蛋白质的高级结构（2学时） 2.4 血红蛋白的结构与功能（2学时） 2.5 维持蛋白质高级结构的作用力（2学时） 2.6 蛋白质折叠和结构进化 （2学时） 2.7 蛋白质分离纯化（4学时） 第三章 核酸 （ 6学时) （李卫芳） 3.1 核苷酸的结构和性质 （2学时） 3.2 核酸的双螺旋结构 （1学时） 3.3 维持核酸高级结构的作用力（2学时） 3.4 超螺旋结构（1学时）,第四章 糖（4学时） （李卫芳） 4.1糖的生物学作用（1学时） 4.2单糖和多糖（2学时） 4.3糖蛋白（1学时） 第五章 脂类和生物膜（6学时） （李卫芳） 5.1脂的分类和性质（2学时） 5.2生物膜（2学时） 5.3膜蛋白（2学时）,第六章 酶（14学时） （李卫芳） 6.1酶的作用特征（2学时） 6.2酶的分类（1学时） 6.3酶活力测定（2学时） 6.4酶促反应动力学（3学时） 6.5影响酶作用的因素（2学时） 6.6酶催化作用机理（2学时） 6.7结构酶及其作用原理（2学时） 第七章 维生素与激素（6学时） （周丛照） 7.1维生素与辅酶（2学时） 7.2激素概述（2学时） 7.3激素作用原理（2学时）,生物化学（下） 36学时 第 八 章 代谢总论（2学时） 第 九 章 生物膜和物质运输（2学时） 第 十 章 糖酵解（6学时） 第十一章 柠檬酸循环 （6学时） 第十二章 氧化磷酸化（5学时） 第十三章 光合作用（2学时） 第十四章 糖原的分解和生物合成 （5学时） 第十五章 脂肪酸代谢（4学时） 第十六章 氨基酸的分解代谢（2学时） 第十七章 核酸代谢（2学时）,What is Biochemistry? the study of those molecules used and manufactured by living things.,Three aspects of biochemistry: 1) Biochemistry is concerned with structural chemistry. It seeks to determine the structures of molecules found in living systems in order to understand structure-function relationships.,2) Biochemistry is concerned with chemical change, this is reflected in the study of metabolic pathways,3) Biochemistry is concerned with information which has accumulated through evolution and is preserved in DNA (or sometimes RNA). These nucleic acid sequences code for amino acid sequences, which result in folded proteins. These proteins are often catalysts (enzymes) and some of them are regulated (able to sense the chemical state inside the cell and, in some cases, the outside),Biochemistry through evolution How to build a life with molecules? Or The Molecular Design of Life,Four transitions through evolution: 1, chemicals, micromolecules 2, macrobiomolecules 3, energy 4, stress response,The evolution of life required a series of transitions, beginning with the generation of organic molecules that could serve as the building blocks for complex biomolecules.,The next major transition in the evolution of life was the formation of replicating molecules. Evolution Requires Reproduction, Variation, and Selective Pressure,Replication, coupled with variation and selective pressure, marked the beginning of evolution. Variation was introduced by a number of means, from simple base substitutions to the duplication of entire genes. RNA appears to have been an early replicating molecule. Furthermore, some RNA molecules possess catalytic activity. However, the range of reactions that RNA is capable of catalyzing is limited. With time, the catalytic activity was transferred to proteins, linear polymers of the chemically versatile amino acids. RNA directed the synthesis of these proteins and still does in modern organisms through the development of a genetic code, which relates base sequence to amino acid sequence. Eventually, RNA lost its role as the gene to the chemically similar but more stable nucleic acid DNA. In modern organisms, RNA still serves as the link between DNA and protein.,Energy Transformations Are Necessary to Sustain Living Systems Another major transition in evolution was the ability to transform environmental energy into forms capable of being used by living systems. ATP serves as the cellular energy currency that links energy-yielding reactions with energy-requiring reactions. ATP itself is a product of the oxidation of fuel molecules, such as amino acids and sugars. With the evolution of membranes hydrophobic barriers that delineate the borders of cells ion gradients were required to prevent osmotic crises. These gradients were formed at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. Later, ion gradients generated by light or the oxidation of fuel molecules were used to synthesize ATP.,Cells Can Respond to Changes in Their Environments The final transition was the evolution of sensing and signaling mechanisms that enabled a cell to respond to changes in its environment. These signaling mechanisms eventually led to cell-cell communication, which allowed the development of more-complex organisms. The record of much of what has occurred since the formation of primitive organisms is written in the genomes of extant organisms.,History of Biochemistry (up to 1982),1835 Jons Berzelius chemical catalysis, uses amylase(淀粉酶) as an example. 1859 Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species. Louis Pasteur fermation catalyzed by enzymes, “essence“ of yeast. 1865 Gregor Mendel publishes his theory of genetics. 1869 Fredrick Meischer discovers DNA in cell nuclei. Eduard and Hans Buchner extracts materiel from yeast, conversion of glucose to alcohol.,1914 Fritz Lipmann, th