1 完形填空完形填空 说明文说明文 【2016上海高考真题】 In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work. In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers. Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision- makingall members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot. A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in companies. After de- layering in this way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front- line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less. Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the 2 team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them. 1. A. desireB. seekC. loseD. dislike 2. A. contraryB. expectationC. degreeD. extreme 3. A. vice versaB. for exampleC. howeverD. otherwise 4. A. outsideB. insideC. belowD. above 5. A. replacingB. assessingC. managingD. encouraging 6. A. referB. contributeC. objectD. apply 7. A. agreementB. practiceC. electionD. impression 8. A. bossyB. experiencedC. westernD. male 9. A. askingB. trainingC. warningD. firing 10. A. doublingB. maintainingC. reducingD. estimating 11. A. honored B. leftC. crowdedD. compared 12. A. economically B. traditionallyC. inadequatelyD. occasionally 13. A. denyB. admitC. assumeD. ensure 14. A. virtualB. ineffectiveC. day-to-dayD. on-the-scene 15. A. opinionB. riskC. performanceD. attractiveness 【答案答案】1-15 D A B D C B A D A C B B D A C 【解析解析】本文是说明文。作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的 X 理论和 Y 理 论，并介绍了现代社会中的一种新型管理理论：授权管理及其作用。 1.考查动词。根据后半句“.will do anything to avoid it”可知，很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何 事情，说明那些人生性都不愿意工作。故 D 项正确。 2.考查名词。短语 to the contrary“相反地”；to the degree“在某种程度上”；to the extreme“走 3 向极端”；在文章第一段中提到了 X 理论，大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，不愿对人和事负责，没有什么 雄心壮志，不喜欢负责任。而 Y 理论认为大多数人愿意对工作、对他人负责，人们愿意实行自我管理和自我 控制来完成应当完成的目标。这是两种完全相反的理论，尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很 多管理人仍然同意 X 理论。故 A 正确。 3.考查上下文串联。本句中 for example 表示“举例说明”；这些管理人仍然同意 X 理论，例如他们认为如 果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于 X 理论的举例说明。故 B 正确。 4.考查副词。根据后句“.makes for authoritarian managers”可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们 的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故 D 项“above 上面的”正确。 5.考查动词。根据前段可知本文讨论的管理学的理论，本句使用动词“manage 管理”，不同的文化中有不 同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故 C 正确。 6.考查动词短语辨析。refer to“提到，谈到”；contribute to“做贡献，导致”；object to“反对”； apply to“适用于”。亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理办法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。 故 B 正确。 7.考查名词。agreement“同意”；practice“练习，做法”；election“选举”；impression“印象”。 亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。 故 A 正确。 8.考查形容词。根据前半句“.women will become more effective managers than men.”可知有些专 家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故 D 正 确。 9.考查动词。根据前句“. encourage employees to use their own initiative.（鼓励员工使用自己 的首创精神）”，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故 A 项正确。 10.考查动词。根据前句“the trend towards downsizing（缩小规模的趋势）”，也就是要减少管理层的 数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词“reduce 减少”符合上下文串联。 11.考查短语辨析辨析。be honored with“被授予”；be left with“留下，剩下”；be crowded with“挤满”；be compared with“与相比”；通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众 直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节，提高了管理的效益。故 B 正确。 12.考查副词辨析。economically“经济地”；traditionally“传统地”；inadequately“不充分地”； 4 occasionally“偶尔地”。根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management.” 可知授权管理是一个新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故 B 正确。 13.考查动词辨析。deny“否认”；admit“承认”；assume“假定，设想”；ensure“保证，确保”。授权 管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知 D 正确。 14.考查形容词。virtual“虚拟的”；ineffective“低效的”；day-to-day“日常的”；on-the- scene“现场的”。根据后句“where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知，在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明 这种一种新型通过虚拟