,Parallelism-排比,1、Definition,2、Effects,3、Types,5、Semantic features,Catalogue,4、Attentions,Definition,In grammar, parallelism is a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses. The application of parallelism in sentence construction can sometimes improve writing style, clearness, and readability.,排比也被称为对句法、平行结构或平行构造,是由两个或两个以上结构相同或相似、内容相关、证据一致的短语、句子或段落排列在一起，用来加强语势强调内容，加重感情的修辞方式。 特点是结构上整齐匀称，读起来铿锵有力。,英语平行结构是指连接两个或以上对等的词和对等的结构，常见的有并列连词and, but, as well as, or , both and, neithernor, eitheror, not onlybut also, than, rather than等。,Effects,Illustrate the idea clearly 用于描述，语意畅达，条理清晰，简洁美观,Eg: My fellow citizens, I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. -Obama,三个代表：中国共产党必须始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求,代表中国先进文化的前进方向,代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。,Effects,2. To lyricism, improve expressive force and appeal,Eg: Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I give my hand and my heart to this vote. (无论沉浮，无论生死，无论幸存还是丧命，我都为这次选举尽心尽力。),. What about babies (what about us) 婴儿呢 What about the days (what about us) 岁月呢 What about all their joy (what about us) 他们所有的欢乐呢 What about the man (what about us) 人类呢 What about the crying man (what about us) 哭喊的人们呢 What about Abraham (what about us) 亚伯拉罕呢 What about death again (ooo,ooo) 再问一次,死亡呢 .,Effects,3. To argument, have a rigorous logic and the force of a thunderbolt with the balanced structure .,审讯员：“你在本市偷过几次东西，都是些什么？” 嫌疑人：“我是来市里走亲戚的，没有偷东西。” 审讯员：“走亲戚为什么说不上亲戚的名字？走亲戚为什么不带礼物偏带螺丝刀？走亲戚为什么在半夜里四处乱跑？既然亲戚在市里，你到郊区来干什么？”,舜发于畎亩之中，傅说举于版筑之中，胶鬲举于鱼盐之中，管夷吾举于士，孙叔敖举于海，百里奚举于市。,Types-Parallel words,He was a man of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper.,他正直,善良,坦荡,风趣,可爱,开朗,乐观,优雅,迷人,精力充沛,爱憎分明,张扬又内敛,专情又风情,纯真又性感,温柔又彪悍 最重要的是，他未婚。,他是个智力贫乏、不学无术、喜怒无常的人。,Types-Parallel phrases,Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.,With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.（我们带着这个信念，将能够一起工作、一起祈祷、一起战斗、一起下牢、一起为为自由坚贞不屈。我们知道，总有一天，我们将获得自由。）,读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。,Types-Parallel clauses,A father who spends time with his son and who thoughtfully answers his sons question will be respected and loved.,Types-Parallel sentences,We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air. -W.S. Churchill 我们将在陆地上与他作战；我们将在海上与他作战；我们将在天空中与他作战。,Types-Parallel paragraphs,I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.“ I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgiad:d, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering swelt with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis oess of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day, down in Alabamalbm, with its vicious racistsreisist, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of “interposition“ and “nullification“ - one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today!,Attentions- The Tips for Parallelism Usage,注意由并列连词或等立连词连接的成分在语法形式上是否相同，既都是形容词，或都是介词短语，或都是不定式，或都是动名词等。 Eg: In the teaching of mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes.,2. 注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。 Eg: It is better to die on ones feet than to live on ones knees.,3. 如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。 Eg: At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.,Attentions- The Tips for Parallelism Usage,1. To say is easier than do.,2. In many ways, riding a bicycle is a similar to drive a car.,3. The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately and in a detailed manner.,drive driving,-To say is easier than to do.,thoroughly,4. The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that questions would be asked by prospective buyers.,prospective buyers would ask him questions.,Semantic features of parallelism,1. We can gain knowledge by reading, by reflection, by observation or by practice.,2. I came, I saw, I conquered.,3. For God, for American, and for Yale. -耶鲁校训,Coordinate: 同等，并列。,Climax: 层进法，将一系列词语按照意义的大小、轻重、深浅、高低等逐层渐进，最后达