Professional English in Computer Field,Chapter Four Operating System,内容,正文 Operating System Linux 阅读材料 Porting Window CE Operating System to Broadband Enabled STB Devices Windows Vista,1 Operating System,1 Operating System,1 Operating System,Key Words,lump n. 块 withal adv. 而且 abundantly adv. 充分地 cathode ray tube 阴极射线管 shell 命令行解释器 exhaustive adj. 详尽无疑的 monolithic System 整体式系统 trap instruction 陷阱指令 console n. 平台 peculiarity n. 特性 concentric ring 同心圆 facet n. 方面 crash v. 崩溃,Notes,Writing programs that keep track of all these components and use them correctly, let alone optimally, is an extremely difficult job The operating system is that portion of the software that runs in kernel mode or supervisor mode. It is protected from user tampering by the hardware (ignoring for the moment some of the older microprocessors that do not have hardware protection at all).,写一个能跟踪所有的组成部分、正确的使用他们的程序是一项 极其困难的工作,更不用说对其进行优化了,操作系统是在内核模式或者管理程序模式下运行的软件。硬 件保证了它不受用户的影响(除了在一段时期，早期的微处理 器没有硬件保护)。,Notes,The limited speed and memory capacity forced programmers to write hand tuned assembly language programs. The design of Java was a more conservative version of ideas explored many years earlier in the Smalltalk community, but the widespread adoption of languages that supported features like garbage collection and strong static typing was a major change in programming practice.,有限的速度和内存容量迫使程序员手工编写优化了的汇编程序。,Java的设计比Smalltalk社区在很多年前就已经探索过的想法 更保守，但是，对于支持垃圾回收和强静态类型等特性的编程 语言的广泛采用是一个在实际编程中的主要变化。,2 Linux,Key Words,prominent adj. 著名的 enthusiast n. 爱好者 port v. 移植 controversial adj. 有争议的 litigation n. 诉讼 actionable adj. 可控告的 portability n. 可移植性 copyleft n. 对称版权 permissive adj. 宽容的 royalty n. 专利税 loose-knit adj. 松散的 revel v. 着迷,Key Words,stereotype n. 陈规，陋习 dispel v. 消除 profusion n. 丰富 on par with 等同的 cornerstone n. 基础 set-top box n. 机顶盒 handheld device 手持设备 lock-in 锁定 thin client 瘦客户端 IRC Internet Relay Chat的缩写,Notes,The goal of the GNU project is to produce a Unix-compatible operating system consisting entirely of free software. Most general-purpose Linux distributions rely on GNU libraries and tools. Torvalds has stated that he only trademarked the name to prevent someone else from using it, but was bound in 2005 by United States trademark law to take active measures to enforce the trademark.,GNU项目的目标是生成一个完全由免费软件组成的，与UNIX兼容 的操作系统。 绝大多数一般用途的Linux的发布依赖GNU的库和 工具。,Torvalds声称他仅仅把名称作为商标登记是为了防止其他人使用， 但是在2005，美国商标法认为他有义务采取主动方式来维护商标权,Notes,The frictional cost of switching and lack of support for certain hardware and application programs designed for Microsoft Windows, especially games or uncommon business software, have been two important factors inhibiting fast adoption.,转换过程的磨合消耗以及缺乏对一些特定硬件和专门为Microsoft Windows设计的应用程序（尤其是游戏和一些特殊的商业软件） 的支持，是导致其无法被迅速采用的两个重要因素。,Reading Material 1 Porting Window CE Operating System to Broadband Enabled STB Devices,Reading Material 1 Porting Window CE Operating System to Broadband Enabled STB Devices,Exercises,Computer software can be roughly divided into two kinds: _and _. The software, called _, which is usually located in read-only memory, is actually an interpreter, fetching the machine language instructions such as ADD, MOVE, and JUMP, and carrying them out as a series of little steps. The programs, which are written by the users to solve their particular problems, such as commercial data processing, engineering calculations, or game playing, are called _. A simple structuring model for a monolithic system includes _, _ and _. A trend in modern operating systems is to take this idea of moving code up into higher layers even further, and remove as much as possible from the operating systems, leaving a minimal _. In 1983, Richard Stallman founded the _, with the goal of developing a complete Unix-like operating system composed entirely of free software. LILO is an independent _ for Linux to boot from a hard disk. The _ and most _ are licensed under the GNU General Public License version 2. The majority of the code (71%) of Linux system was written in the _ language. The _ is the standard compiler family for most Linux systems.,questions,Draw a hierarchical figure of computer system with hardware, system programs, and application programs. For a monolithic system, what should a basic structure of operating system have? For layered systems, list the functions of the six layers. Draw a figure of client-server model in a distributed system. Who started the GNU Project? And whats the goal of GNU Project? What does a typical general-purpose Linux distribution include? Why Linux has achieved popularity among developers? What is GCC on Linux?,