Grammar 语法,Unit 11 Non-finite verb非谓语动词,一、非谓语动词的种类,非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词,二、动词不定式,1动词不定式的形式：一般形式是to+动词原形,2动词不定式的用法 1) 作主语 To learn computer science needs our great effort. 2) 作表语 The function of the modem is to link more computers. 3) 作宾语 Linus decided to develop a system that exceeded the Minix standards.,4) 作宾语补足语 Page printers use laser to achieve high-speed hard-copy output. 5) 作定语（动词不定式作定语时放在被修饰的词后面） He has no chance to pass the exam. 6) 作状语 To build your own computer, you would need these parts.,3. 动词不定式的否定结构 动词不定式的否定结构是：not +to+动词原形 Linus decided not to develop a system that would exceed the Minix standards.,4动词不定式的时态 1) She seems to know about the problem. (一般式表示不定式动作发生在谓语动作后) 2) The staff pretended to be working. (进行式表示不定式动作与谓语动作同时发生) 3) The client said to have arrived here by 8:30. (完成式表示不定式动作发生在谓语动作之前),5动词不定式的语态 1) He needs to repair the laser printer. (主动) 2) The laser printer needs to be repaired. (被动）,6特殊情况 1) The employee has nothing to do but play. (but前面有do时but后省略to) 2) Youd better get the permission before you leave. (had better后省略to, 还有had best, would rather, would soonerthan, cant but等后面的to省略),三、分词,1分词的种类、形式和特征,2. 分词的用法 1) 作表语 The lap-top computer is working. He is interested in computer games. 2) 作定语 The clerk caught a falling cordless keyboard. The clerk found the lost cordless keyboard.,3) 作宾语补足语 He heard the computer making a noise. They noticed their notebooks touched by some dirty hands. 4) 作状语 Entering the office, the boss was shocked. Shocked by the shout, he didnt enter the office.,3. 分词的否定结构 分词的否定结构是：not+分词 Not knowing what to say, he kept silent. Not told what to do, he did nothing.,4分词的时态 1) He came to work, bringing his own notebook. (同时) 2) Having finished his work at home, he came earlier than others. (分词动作在前),5分词的语态 1) The customer being invited is a VIP. (现在分词被动形式表示动作正在进行) 2) Having been rebuilt, the computer started working again. (现在分词被动形式表示动作已经完成),6特殊情况 gone, come, fallen, risen, arrived, grown, returned, passed, changed等作表语时，带有书面语色彩： Summer is gone. The leaves are fallen.,四、动名词,1动名词的形式：一般形式是：动词+ing,2动名词的用法 1) 作主语 Playing computer games is great fun. 2) 作表语 Your job is designing computer games. 3) 作宾语 Boys enjoy playing internet games. 4) 作定语 Make some dancing actions for the virtual model players.,3动名词的否定结构 动名词的否定结构是：not+动名词 The girls regret not learning to play computer games.,4动名词的时态 1) We like chatting online. (同时) 2) I forgot having met them before. (分词动作在前),5动名词的语态 1) The user doesnt like being asked to key in pass words for too many times. (动名词被动语态一般式表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或在谓语动作之前发生) 2) The customer is delighted to have been given a prize after he purchases that computer. (动名词的被动语态完成式表示动作在谓语动作之前发生),6特殊情况 在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而是用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其在口语中。 I remembered once being driven (having been driven) from Harbin to Changchun.,Exercise,Fill in the gaps with an appropriate form of the verb given: 1. I am a computer seller. I go home when I have finished _ my computers. (sell) 2. After _ all the doors, he went home. (check) 3. We saw a keyboard _ from the shelf. (fall) 4. _, she saw a stranger passing by immediately. (surprise) 5. Have you got anything _ before you leave. (say) 6. Youd better _ than not do. (do),Thank you!,