生物专业英语,Inside the Living Cell,Structure and Function of Internal Cell parts,Glossary,Cytoplasm 细胞质 The living contents of a cell bounded externally by the plasmalemma, including an aqueous ground substance (hyaloplasm, 透明质，cell sap, or cell matrix) containing organelles and various inclusions but excluding the nucleus and visible vacuoles.,细胞中的亚器官,Chloroplast 叶绿体 A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried out. Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic organisms except photosynthetic bacteria and blue-green algae.,Stroma 子座，基质 Region within a chloroplast that has no chlorophyll. Plastid 质体 An organelle present in all plants except bacteria, blue-green algae, and fungi; it is enclosed by two membranes (the envelope) and has various functions,Endoplasmic reticulum 内质网 Folded membranes and tubes throughout the eukaryotic cell that provide a large surface upon which chemical activities take place.,Golgi complex 高尔基复合体 A stack of flattened, smooth, memebranous sacs; the site of synthesis and packaging of certain molecules in eukaryotic cells.,Mitochondrion 线粒体 A membranous organelle resembling a small bag with a larger bag inside that is folded back on itself; serve as the site of aerobic cellular respiration.,Ribosome 核糖体 Small structures composed of two protein and ribonucleic acid subunits involved in the assembly of proteins from amino acids,Polysome 多核糖体 Of protein synthesis, several ribosomes all translating the same messenger RNA molecule, one after the other.,Vacuole 液泡 Storage container within the cytoplasm of a cell having a surrounding membrane.,Lysosome 溶酶体 A specialized organelle that holds a mixture of hydrolytic enzymes Centriole 中心粒 An organelle located close to the nucleus in most animal and lower plant cells but absent from prokaryotes and higher plants,细胞的遗传亚结构,细胞核和染色体,Chromosome 染色体 A DNA-histone thread residing in the nucleus of a cell. Each chromosome possesses two telomeres and a centromere, and some contain a nucleous organizer. RNA proteins are invariably associated with the chromosome.,Nuclear envelope 核膜，核被膜 A double membrane (two lipid bilayers and associated proteins) that is the outermost portion of a cell nucleous. Nucleoid 核质体 The DNA-containing area of a prokaryote cell, analogous to eukaryote nucleus but not membrane bounded. Nucleoli 核仁 Nuclear structures composed of completed or partially completed ribosomes and the specific parts of chromosomes that contain the information for their construction.,Nucleus 细胞核，神经核 The organelle of the eukaryote cell that contains the chromosomes and hence ultimately controls cellular activity and inheritance through the activity of the genetic material, DNA.,细胞运动结构和骨架,Cytoskeleton 细胞骨架 Of eukaryotic cells, an internal “skeleton”. Its microtubules and other components structurally support the cell, organize and move its internal components. The cytoskeleton also helps free-living cells move through their environment.,