,Lecture Presentation Software to accompany Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management Seventh Edition by Frank K. Reilly & Keith C. Brown,Chapter 23,Chapter 23 Option Contracts,Questions to be answered: How are options traded on exchanges and in OTC markets? How are options for stock, stock indexes, foreign currency, and futures contracts quoted in the financial press? How can investors use option contracts to hedge an existing risk exposure?,Chapter 23 Option Contracts,What are the three steps in establishing the fundamental “no arbitrage” value of an option contract? What is the binomial (or two-state) option pricing model and in what ways is it an extension of the basic valuation approach? What is the Black-Scholes option pricing model and how does it extend the binomial valuation approach?,Chapter 23 Option Contracts,What is the relationship between the Black-Scholes and the put-call parity valuation models? How does the payment of a dividend by the underlying asset impact the value of an option? How can models for valuing stock options be adapted to other underlying assets, such as stock indexes, foreign currency, or futures contracts?,Chapter 23 Option Contracts,How do American- and European-style options differ from one another? What is implied volatility and what is its role in the contract valuation process? What are exotic options and how are they valued?,Chapter 23 Option Contracts,How do investors use options with the underlying security or in combination with one another to create payoff structures tailored to a particular need or view of future market conditions? What differentiates a spread from a straddle, a strangle, or a range forward?,Derivatives,Forwards fix the price or rate of an underlying asset Options allow holders to decide at a later date whether such fixing is in their best interest,Option Market Conventions,Option contracts have been traded for centuries Customized options traded on OTC market In April 1973, standardized options began trading on the Chicago Board Option Exchange Options Clearing Corporation (OCC) acts as guarantor of each CBOE -traded options,Price Quotations for Exchange-Traded Options,Equity options CBOE, AMEX, PHLX, PSE typical contract for 100 shares require secondary transaction if exercised time premium affects pricing,Price Quotations for Exchange-Traded Options,Stock index options only settle in cash Foreign currency options allow sale or purchase of a set amount of non-USD currency at a fixed exchange rate quotes in USD Options on futures contracts (futures options) Give the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a futures contract at a later date at a predetermined price,The Fundamentals of Option Valuation,Risk reduction tools when used as a hedge Forecasting the volatility of future asset prices direction and magnitude hedge ratio is based on the range of possible option outcomes related to the range of possible stock outcomes risk-free hedge buys one share of stock and sells call options to neutralize risk hedge portfolio should grow at the risk-free rate,The Binomial Option Pricing Model,Two-state option pricing model up movement or down movement forecast stock price changes from one subperiod to the next up change down change number of subperiods,The Binomial Option Pricing Model,The Black-Scholes Valuation Model,continuous changes rather than discrete geometric Brownian motion volatility factor, s,The Black-Scholes Valuation Model,Value is a function of five variables: 1. Current security price 2. Exercise price 3. Time to expiration 4. Risk-free rate 5. Security price volatility C = f(S, X, T, RFR, s),Estimating Volatility,Mean and standard deviation of a series of price relatives,Problems With Black-Scholes Valuation,Stock prices do not change continuously Arbitrageable differences between option values and prices (due to brokerage fees, bid-ask spreads, and inflexible position sizes) Risk-free rate and volatility levels do not remain constant until the expiration date,Problems With Black-Scholes Valuation,Empirical studies showed that the Black-Scholes model overvalued out-of-the-money call options and undervalued in-the-money contracts Any violation of the assumptions upon which the Black-Scholes model is based could lead to a misevaluation of the option contract,Option Valuation: Extensions and Advanced Topics,Valuing European-style put options Valuing options on dividend bearing securities Valuing American-style options Stock index options Foreign currency options Futures options,Exotic Options,Asian options terminal payoff determined by the average price of the underlying security during the life of the contract path dependent payoff Lookback options distribution based on the maximum price the underlying security achieves during the life of the contract preserves volatility always European-style Digital options - fixed payoff amount regardless of how deep in the money the contract is at expiration,Option Trading Strategies,Option