Three elements of cable, truss, and beam-column are implemented in proposed software. ? The proposed software consider both geometric and material nonlinearities. ? It is shown to be an efficient and reliable tool for daily use in design.132 Analysis and design optimization of deep drawing process: Part II: Optimization Original Research ArticleJournal of Materials Processing Technology, Volume 184, Issues 1-3, 12 April 2007, Pages 84-92H. Sattari, R. Sedaghati, R. Ganesan Close preview | Related articles | Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferencesAbstractIn part I of the present work H. Sattari, R. Ganesan, R. Sedaghati, Analysis and design optimization of deep drawing process. Part 1: Three dimensional finite element and sensitivity analysis, J. Mater. Process. Technol., submitted for publication, a finite element formulation based on a combined Total and Updated Lagrangian approach (TUL) has been developed to calculate the sensitivities in the large elasto-plastic strains in sheet metal forming parts obtained by deep drawing. The present part II deals with the use of multiplicative decomposition of the TUL to improve the efficiency in the analysis and optimum design of blank contours of complicated parts. The TUL exploits the knowledge of the 3D shape of the final workpiece. An iterative scheme is developed to find the original position of each material point in the initial flat blank after which it is possible to estimate the strains and stresses in the final workpiece. The von Mises plasticity is adopted regarding the constitutive equations. In the present work, several developments have been presented: (1) the bending effects are taken into account using shell elements without increasing the number of degrees of freedom per node. (2) Appropriate improvements of resolution algorithms such as the introduction of a relaxation coefficient, a damping factor and a good initial solution are realized. (3) Shape optimization of blank contours is performed using a numerical procedure based on the coupling of the TUL and the sequential quadratic programming method (SQP). The numerical results obtained using the Lagrangian approaches for the benchmark test are compared with existing experimental and numerical results. The optimization procedure is applied to shape optimization of a square blank which is used to produce a cup in deep drawing process. The objective function is defined to minimize the thickness variations.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Improvements in resolution algorithms3. Numerical results for forming analysis4. Design optimization5. Sequential quadratic programming method6. Convergence criterion7. Numerical example of optimization8. Flow chart of algorithm9. ConclusionsReferences Purchase 133 Finite element analysis of tile-reinforced composite structural armor subjected to bending loads Original Research ArticleComposites Part B: Engineering, Volume 35, Issue 1, January 2004, Pages 57-71S. Mahdi, J. W. Gillespie Close preview | Related articles | Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferencesAbstractComposite structural armor (CSA) is a multi-functional structure that provides ballistic protection, stiffness and strength at minimum weight. It consists of a multi-layered architecture of polymer composites, rubber and ceramic tiles, stacked in a precise manner to obtain optimal ballistic performance. In the present work, the finite element method is used to conduct a detailed analysis of the mechanisms of load transfer and deformation of CSA subjected to bending loads. The results from two modeling approaches (three-dimensional and two-dimensional simulations) are compared to assess the accuracy of the computationally efficient two-dimensional model. The calculated deflections and surfaces strains from both models are found to agree very well with experimental results. The stress transfer between the layers is further analyzed using the two-dimensional model and the resulting through-thickness strain and stress distributions are discussed. It is found that the deformation of this multi-layered construction is complex and dependent upon the mechanism of stress transfer between the outer surface layer and the ceramic tiles. The effect on non-linear behavior of the constituent materials is investigated. The gap filled with polymer that separates adjacent ceramic tiles is shown to significantly influence the stiffness and strength of CSA. It is found that the plastic deformation of the resin corresponds to the onset of non-linear structural response.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Experimental2.1. Materials, fabrication and experimental procedure2.2. Experimental results3. Finite element analysis3.1. Introduction3.2. Three-dimensional finite element model3.3. Two-dimensional finite el