Summary Writing,Definition and features of a summary Uses of summary Procedures of writing a summary,What is Summary?,A summary is a shortened version, in your own words, of something you have read . It reproduces the theme of the original with as few words as possible.,一个总结是用你自己的话概括压缩你读的东西。 是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。,. A summary does not include your own opinions about what you read. . All one has to do is to give a brief account of the authors exact meaning. 一个总结不包括你自己对你所读的东西的看法。 它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。,Features of Summary,Brevity 简洁 Objectivity 客观 Completeness 全面,Uses of summary writing,Summary writing is a very good exercise for improving reading comprehension. Some students read carelessly, and gain only a vague idea of what they have read. Summary writing can force them to try to understand what they read, because summarizing requires one to read with the mind, as well as with the eye, on the page.,Uses of summary writing,Summary writing is also helpful to composition writing. When writing a summary, one has to work within strict limits. One must express a certain meaning in a fixed number of words. So it is important to choose words carefully, to make sentences with accuracy and brevity, and to write with summary in logical order.,Uses of summary writing,Summary writing has practical uses. The ability to grasp quickly and accurately what is read, or heard, and to reproduce it in a clear and concise简明的way is of great value to people of many professions.,Procedures of writing a summary,a. Reading b. Writing c. Revision,Reading,认真阅读给定的原文材料。 如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。 阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。,给缩写起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。 找出每一个主要段落的主题句。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。 把文章划分出几个大的部分，总结每一部分的论点。并确定出文章的中心思想。 简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、例证等你认为对概括缩写重要的东西,Reading,现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。,Reading,Writing,缩写应该只有原文的十分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以10，得到一个数字。缩写的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。,Writing,缩写应全部用自己的话完成。 不要引用原文的句子（可以用单词或短语）。,Writing,应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。 这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。,Writing,缩写必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。,Writing,缩写时可以采用下列几种小技巧：,Writing skill,1.删除细节。 只保留主要观点。,Writing skill,2.选择一至两个例子。 原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。,Writing skill,3.把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。,Writing skill,避免重复。 在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在缩写中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。,Writing skill,4.压缩长的句子。 如下列两例：,Writing skill,“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为： ”He was brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为： “He has Money problems.”,Writing skill,5.你可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：,Writing skill,“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为： Mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by a few people, but today by many, due to better wages, paid holidays, and better services.”,Writing skill,6.使用概括性的名词代替具体的词， 比如：,Writing skill,“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation.” 可以概括为： ”She brought home a lot of books to read in vacation.”,Writing skill,7.使用最短的连接词。 比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, on the other hand等较长的连接词。 通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。,Writing skill,8.文章中的第一人称说的话通常在缩写中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：,Writing skill,Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned: ”Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard硬纸板or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta面团cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly: ”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises掩盖the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle微妙的than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” (136words),可以用第三人称概括为： Kate quarreled/disagreed with Paul over how much salt they should eat. She wanted less, but he wanted more. (18words),Revision,草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。 首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，缩写中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。 其次，如果缩写中出现了不必要的细节、词汇、短语或长句子，删除或概括它们。 第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。 最后，保持语言简单明了。,