材料力学 Mechanics of Materials构件 Structure member强度 strength刚度 rigidity稳定性 stability变形固体 solid deformation body基本假设 fundamental assumption各向同性 Isotropy内力 internal force外力 external force二力杆 two force bar刚体 rigid body轴向拉伸 Axial tension 轴向压缩 Axial compression拉力 tensile force内力 Internal force轴力 axial force轴力图 diagram of axial force 集中载荷 concentrate load 应力 stress平均应力 Average stress全应力 whole stress平面假设 Hypothesis of plane section拉应力 Tensile stress应力集中 stress concentration剪切 shearing正应力 normal stress剪应力 shearing Stress线应变 linear strain剪应变 angular strain剪力 shearing force弹性应变能 Elastic strain energy静定问题 statically determinate problem静不定问题statically indeterminate problem平衡方程 equilibrium equations比例极限 Proportional limit 弹性极限 Elastic limit屈服极限 Yielding limit塑性材料 ductile material强度极限 Strength limit铸铁 cast iron 轴 Shaft扭转 Torsion扭转角 The angle of twist 扭矩 Internal torque扭矩图 Internal torque diagram剪应力互等定Theorem of complementary shearing stresses弯曲 bending梁 Beam固定铰支座 Fixed hinged support可动铰支座 Movable hinged support固定端 Rigidly fixed end简支梁 simply supported beam悬臂梁 Cantilever beam外伸梁 Overhanging beam静定梁 Statically determinate beam超静定梁 Statically indeterminate beam弯曲内力 Internal force in bending弯矩 Bending moment内力方程 Internal force equation剪力图 shearing force diagram弯矩图 bending moment diagram分布荷载 the distributed load荷载集度 the density of the distributed load平面刚架 Planar rigid frame曲杆 Curved rod纯弯曲 Pure Bending中性轴 Neutral axis曲率半径 the radius of curvature挠度 Deflection转角 Angle of rotation挠曲线 deflection curve位移边界条Boundary conditions of the displacement支点位移条件Displacement conditions at the supports连续条件 Continuity conditions 光滑条件 Sliding conditions积分常数 integral constant 一点的应力状态 Stressed state at a point原始单元体 Original element 主单元体 Principal element主面 principal plane 主应力 principal stress三向应力状态 Three Dimensional State of Stress二向应力状态 Plane State of Stress 应力圆 Stress Circle单向应力状态Unidirectional State of Stress 主应力迹线 Principal stress trajectories 应变能密度 strain-energy density 强度理论 Theories of strength最大拉应力（第一强度）理论： Theory of maximum tensile stress（first strength）最大伸长线应变（第二强度）理论： Theory of maximum tensile strain（second strength）最大剪应力（第三强度）理论 Theory of maximum shearing stress(third strength)形状改变比能（第四强度）理论 Theory of maximum torsional (shearing)strain energy (fourth strength）莫尔强度理论 Mohrs strength theory 相当应力 Equivalent stress组合变形 Composite deformation 斜弯曲 Skew bending中性轴方程 Equation of the neutral axis 不稳定平衡 instable equilibrium 拉(压)弯组合变形 Bending and tension or compression稳定平衡 Stable equilibrium 压杆失稳 Loss of stability of the column临界压力 the critical pressure of the column 理想压杆 Ideal compressive columns长度系数 Length coefficient 约束系数 constraint coefficient临界应力 Critical stress 柔度 Flexibility应变能 Strain energy 卡氏定理 CatiglianoS Theorem莫尔定理(单位力法) MohrS theorem(Method of unit force)