外贸英语实务 （第二版）,Unit 5 International Cargo Transport,Part I Case Lead-in,Part II Reading,Part III Sample Conversations,Contents,A trading company A concluded a contract for exporting 3,000 tons of beans on an FOB Dalian/Tianjin basis with partial shipment not allowed. Shipment was approaching, but the goods still spread in different places, and it is hardly to get them together. A had to load 1,500 tons at port of Dalian and Tianjin respectively on the same vessel. Is this way in conformity with the stipulation of the contract? Transport allows goods to be conveyed from one place to another. Without transport, international trade would not be possible. Carriage of goods can take place be sea, rail, air, road, inland waterway, parcel post, container and multimodal transport. When negotiating a transaction, the seller and the buyer should reach an agreement on the mode of transport as well as time of shipment, place of shipment and place of destination, shipping advice, partial shipment and transshipment, etc. and specify them in the sales contract. Clear stipulation about transport is an important condition for the smooth execution of the contract.,Inte rnational Cargo Trans port Mode of Transport,If goods are to be sold in international trade, they must be transported from where they are made to where people can buy them. There are many modes of transport, and each has advantages and disadvantages. Sea transport Sea transport has long been used and is still the most important mode of transport in international trade now. Two-thirds of the world total trade volume and over 80% of Chinas imports and exports now are transported by sea. According to the ways of operation, vessels can be divided into liners and tramps. Comparatively speaking, liners prove to be a more economical means of international cargo distribution.,(1) Liner: a vessel that operates over a regular route and stops at fixed ports according to an advertised schedule. Its freight is relatively fixed with loading and unloading charges included. (2) Tramp: a vessel that does not follow regular routes or fixed schedule, but travels when cargoes are available, ideal for cargo of a complete shipload. Its freight is determined by the market. Tramps can be divided into voyage charter and time charter. A voyage charter is the hire of a ship for a particular voyage, and can be further divided into single voyage charter and consecutive voyage charter. A time charter is the charter of a ship for a fixed period of time.,Rail transport Rail transport is a major mode of transport in terms of capacity, only second to ocean transport. It is capable of achieving high speed, and it is less prone to interruption by poor weather. But it is confined to railways and therefore less flexible. Container transport The use of containers provides a highly efficient mode of transport in terms of reliability, cost, quality of service, advanced technology and so on. Containers are of different sizes, but now the commonly-used ones are 8ft*8ft*20ft and 8ft*8ft*40ft, with the former being taken as the standard container unit, called TEU (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit). It has a dead weight of 18 metric tons and a capacity of 31-35 cubic meters.,There are FCL (full container load) and LCL(less than container load). FCL is directly sent to the CY (container yard). The vanning of LCL is done either by the consignor or the carrier at the production site or the warehouse, then it is sent to the CFS (container freight station) for consolidation by the carrier. Container transport often operates on the basis of “CY to CY”, “Door to Door” or “Door to CY”. Multimodal transport Multimodal transport means the carriage of cargoes by at least two modes of transport on the basis of a multimodal transport contract and only one multimodal transport operator (MTO) is responsible for taking the cargoes from the consignor and delivering them to the consignee.,Although different modes of transport are used, a MTO concludes a multimodal transport contract, assumes responsibility for the performance of the contract, and is solely responsible for the cargoes from his taking in charge of them from the consignor to his delivery of them to the consignee, no matter how many carriers participate in the multimodal transport operations. Other modes of transport are road transport, air transport and pipeline transport. Road transport is mostly used to transport cargoes in small quantities, and offers a door-to-door service because trucks can stop within a city and deliver goods directly to the market. When speed is taken into consideration, air transport will be more effective. Pipelines are often used for transporting gasoline, crude oil and natural gas.,Time of Shipment,Time of shipment is the deadline by which the seller makes shipment of the contracted goods. There are basically two ways to set time of shipment: One is to clearly specify a period of time like “shipment not later than May 2, 2012”and“Shipme