美国文学简史复习纲要Colonial Period殖民时期(1600s-1790s)American Puritanism美国清教主义：self-examination/self-improvementI.JonathanEdwards (1703-1758)：Calvinist加尔文教徒II.BenjaminFranklin本杰明富兰克林(1706-1790)(1)PoorRichards Almanac(2)The Autobiography自传Early AmericanRomanticism早期美国浪漫主义时期（1800s-1840s）1.features(1)As alogical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticismwas bothimitative and independent.II.WashingtonIrving华盛顿欧文(1783-1859)1.several names attached to Irving(1)firstAmerican writer(2)themessenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father ofAmerican literature美国文学之父2.works(1)The Sketch Book见闻札记:Rip Van Winkle,The Legend of Sleepy HollowIII.JamesFenimore Cooper库柏(1789-1851)1.works(1)Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集: TheDeerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie2.literary achievementsCoopersLeatherstocking Taleseffectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into theWest. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped tointroduce western tradition to American literature.Summitof Romanticism New EnglandTranscendentalism/AmericanRenaissance新英格兰超验主义-美国浪漫主义鼎盛时期(1840s-)I.Appearance提出1836,“Nature” by Emerson爱默生、论自然II.Features1.spirit/oversoul2.importance of individualism3.nature symbol of spirit/God4.focus in intuition (irrationalism andsubconsciousness)III.Influence1.It helped to create the first American renaissance美国文学复兴 one ofthe most prolific period in American literature、independent Americanculture.IV.RalphWaldo Emerson（1802-1882）1.works(1)Naturethe manifesto ofAmerican Transcendentalism.论自然的发表是美国超验主义出现的标志。(2)The American Scholar美国学者regarded as the “Declaration of IntellectualIndependence”.V.HenryDavid Thoreau亨利大卫梭罗（1817-1862）(1)Walden瓦尔登湖“Simplicitysimplify!”(2)A Plea forJohn Brown (an essay)：He hated the human injustice as represented bytheslavery system.Late Romanticism浪漫主义后期I.NathanielHawthorne（1804-1864）1.works(1)The Scarlet Letter红字：HesterPrynne女主人公、Arthur Dimmesdale通奸的牧师、Roger Chillingworth化名的丈夫、Pearl女儿2.point of view(1)Evil is atthe core of human life, “that blackness in Hawthorne”(2)Wheneverthere is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation togeneration (causality).3.style typical romantic writerII.HermanMelville（1819-1891）Moby Dick白鲸RomanticPoetsI.WaltWhitman沃尔特惠特曼（1819-1892）1.work:Leaves of Grass(9 editions)草叶集(1)Song ofMyself自我之歌(2)WhenLilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd为纪念林肯总统而写(3)I HearAmerica singing2.style: “freeverse”自由诗体3.influence(1)His bestwork has become part of the common property of Western culture.(2)He hasbeen compared to a mountain in American literary history.II.Emily Dickinson艾米丽迪金森（1830-1886）1.works(1)My LifeClosed Twice before Its Close(2)Because ICant Stop for Death(3)I Heard aFly Buzz When I died2.themes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows3.style(1)poemswithout titles(2)directness,brevity(3)capitalletters emphasis(4)shortpoems, mainly two stanzasIII.Comparison:Whitman vs. Dickinson1.Similarities:(1)Thematically,they both extolled, in their different ways, an emergent America, itsexpansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of“American Renaissance”.(2)Technically,they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking freeof the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in formunknown before: they were pioneers in American poetry.2.differences:(1)Whitmanseems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of theindividual.(2)WhereasWhitman is “national” in his outlook, Dickinsonis “regional”.(3)Dickinsonhas the“catalogue technique” (direct, simple style) which Whitman doesnt have.EdgarAllen Poe埃德加爱伦坡（）I.Works1.short stories(1)detectivestories推理小说和侦探小说之父a.Ms Foundin a Bottle瓶中手稿b.TheMurders in the Rue Morgue莫格街杀人案(2)Revenge,death and rebirth、gothic novels哥特小说a.The Fall of the House of Usher亚舍古屋的倒塌(3)Literarytheorya.The PoeticPrinciple：最诗意的莫过于美丽女人的早逝b.Poems:The Raven乌鸦、Annabel Lee安娜贝尔李II.Themes:“Poe isnot interested in anything alive. Everything in Poes writings is dead.”.horror.III.