法律英语,1,Lesson Two,Legal Profession 法律职业,法律英语,2,If there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers. Charles Dickens, British novelist 倘若世上没有坏人，也就不会有好的律师。 英国小说家 狄更斯 C,法律英语,3,Background,律师 法官 检查官 法学教师,变换频繁 Harlan Fiske Stone,法律英语,4,法律英语,5,Part 1 The Bar,Bar法庭中将公众与法官、律师及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的隔板。 后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。,美国律师协会,法律英语,6,法律英语,7,律师,美国 Lawyer Attorney Attorney at-law Counseler Counseler at-law,英国 Barrister 诉讼律师 大律师，出庭律师 Solicitor 非诉律师 诉状律师，事务律师,法律英语,8,The regulation of the legal profession is primarily the concern of the states, each of which has its own requirements for admission to practice. 对法律职业的管制主要是州政府的事。各州都有自己的允许律师执业的条件。,法律英语,9,Most require three years of college and a law degree. Each state administers its own written examination to applicants for its bar.,三年大学 法律学位 书面考试,法律英语,10,Almost all states, however, make use of the Multistate Bar Exam, a day-long multi-choice test, to which the states adds a day-long essay examination emphasizing its own law.,各州律师联考 州综合问答题,法律英语,11,The Multistate Bar Examination (MBE) is a six-hour, two-hundred question multiple-choice examination covering contracts, torts, constitutional law, criminal law, evidence, and real property.,法律英语,12,A substantial fraction of all applicants succeed on the first try, and many of those who fail pass on a later attempt. 通过第一次考试的人很多，但通过第二次考试的人很少。,法律英语,13,In all, over forty thousand persons succeed in passing these examinations to the bar in their respective states. 每年各州有4万多人通过律师考试。 No apprenticeship is required either before or after admission. 在进入律师行业之前或之后不需要有学徒经历。,法律英语,14,The rules for admission to practice before the federal courts vary with the courts, 在联邦法院执业的要求各州不同。 but generally those entitled to practice before the highest court of a state may be admitted before the federal courts upon compliance with minor formalities. 在州最高法院执业的人办理了一些无关紧要的手续后可以在联邦法院执业。,法律英语,15,A lawyers practice is usually confined to a single community for, although a lawyer may travel to represent clients, one is only permitted to practice in a state where one has been admitted. 律师通常在一个地区执业 可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务 只能在获准开业的州从业,法律英语,16,It is customary to retain local counsel for matters in other jurisdictions. 在其他管辖区保留当地律师的身份是一种惯例。 有些州曾把“本州居民”规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在1985年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在美国担任律师的人并不必须是美国公民。,法律英语,17,One who moves to another state can usually be admitted without examination if one has practiced in a state where one has been admitted for some time, often five years. 如果一个人已经执业5年以上，那么当他移居到另外一个州的时候，通常不用再参加该州的律师资格考试就可以获准执业。,法律英语,18,A lawyer may not only practice law, but is permitted to engage in any activity that is open to other citizens.,从事律师业务 参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动,法律英语,19,It is not uncommon for practicing lawyer to serve on boards of directors of corporate clients, to engage in business, and to participate actively in public affairs.,在公司的董事会任职 从事商业活动 积极参与公共事务,法律英语,20,A lawyer remains a member of the bar even after becoming a judge, an employee of the government or of a private business concern, or a law teacher, any may return to private practice from these other activities. 律师在成为法官、受雇于政府或私营企业或者成为法律教师以后，还保留着律师的身份。他们可以放弃其他活动，回来再做律师。,法律英语,21,A relatively small number of lawyers give up practice for responsible executive positions in commerce and industry. 有很少数量的律师为了从事工商业活动而放弃律师业务。,法律英语,22,The mobility as well as the sense of public responsibility in the profession is evidence by the career of Harlan Fiske Stone who was, at various times, a successful New York lawyer, a professor and dean of the Columbia School of Law, Attorney General of the United States, and Chief Justice of the United States.,法律英语,23,Harlan Fiske Stone 1872- 1946,Distinguished jurist Harlan Fiske Stone was born on October 11, 1872 in Chesterfield, New Hampshire. 著名法理学家,法律英语,24,After graduating from Amherst College in 1894, he continued on to Columbia University from which he received his law degree in 1898. The next year he was admitted to the New York bar. 加入纽约律师协会,法律英语,25,In 1910 Stone became the dean of the Columbia Law School. In 1924 he was appointed by President Coolidge to be Attorney General. 哥伦比亚大学法学院院长 司法部长（总检察长）,法律英语,26,In 1925 he was nominated to the Supreme Court. While on the Court, Stone was a strong supporter of President Roosevelts New Deal legislation. Roosevelt appointed Stone Chief Justice in 1941. Stone died in 1946 at the age of 73. 最高法院法官 罗斯福新政 最高法院首席大法官,法律英语,27,These is no formal division among lawyers according to function. 美国没有律师职业的划分。,英国： Barristers：出庭律师、大律师、诉讼律师 Solicitors：诉状律师、小律师、非诉律师,法律英语,28,there is no branch of profession that has a special or exclusive right to appear in court, nor is there a branch that specializes in the preparation of legal instruments.,法律英语,29,The American lawyers domain includes advocacy, counseling, and drafting. Furthermore, within the sphere broadly defined as the “practice of law” the domain is exclusive and is not open to others. 代理诉讼，出庭辩护； 咨询服务； 起草文书； 律师实务,法律英语,30,In the field of advocacy, the rules are fairly clear: any individual