Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822),Alastor, written 1815, was followed by the epic The Revolt of Islam, and by 1818 Shelley was living in Italy. Here he produced The Cenci; the satire on Wordsworth, Peter Bell the Third 1819; and Prometheus Unbound. Other works of the period are Ode to the West Wind 1819; The Cloud and The Skylark, both 1820; The Sensitive Plant and The Witch of Atlas; Epipsychidion and, on the death of the poet Keats, Adonais 1821; the lyric drama Hellas 1822; and the prose Defence of Poetry 1821.,Shelleys Works,Death,In July 1822 Shelley was drowned while sailing near Viareggio, and his ashes were buried in Rome.,Definitions of Ode,a. Ode An ode is a poem of celebration. The Horatian ode (named for the classical Roman poet Horace) is regular - each stanza has the same form. The Pindaric ode (named for the Greek poet Pindar) is irregular - an inconsistent number of feet in each verse, for instance, or variation from stanza to stanza. b. Ode A poem in praise of something divine or expressing some noble idea.,O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumns being, Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing, Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red, Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O thou, Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low, Each like a corpse within its grave, until Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow Her clarion oer the dreaming earth, and fill (Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air) With living hues and odours plain and hill: Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; Destroyer and preserver; hear, O hear!,Ode to the West Wind,Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is: What if my leaves are falling like its own! The tumult of thy mighty harmonies Will take from both a deep autumnal tone, Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce, My spirit! be thou me, impetuous one! Drive my dead thoughts over the universe Like withered leaves, to quicken a new birth; And, by the incantation of this verse, Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind! Be through my lips to unawakened earth The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?,Ode to the West Wind,Ode to the West Wind is Shelleys most famous short poem. It is an invocation（符咒） for an unseen force to take control and revive life. It was first composed on October 19, 1819, inspired by a walk in woodland near Florence, and it was first published in August, 1920 with Prometheus Unbound. Ode is unique in its structure and its use of the complicated terza rima（三行诗节）, which has a rhyme scheme of aba - bcb - cdc ded - ee. Each of the five stanzas of the poem is composed of fourteen lines; four tercets and a couplet. This gives each stanza a compactness and solidarity unto itself.,Interpretation,The personal conflicts explain the imagery of death and decay in the first stanza of the poem. The poem calls for a mythical power to inspire and induce change or “a new Birth“. It is about the regenerative powers of Nature to bring forth not only new life but also poetic inspiration. The call for inspiration comes in the form like a prayer, not to a Christian God, but to an unseen spiritual force which has the same omnipresence and power as a god. Shelleys original drafts of Ode had marked differences from the way readers see it today. The notebooks show that the original last line to the poem ended not in a question but in an assertion, “When Winter comes, Spring lags not far behind!“ However, Shelley later changed this statement into a rhetorical question, “O Wind/ If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?“ By ending with a question, Shelley draws in the reader to develop their thoughts on the creative process and of political change. The last line shows Shelleys optimism about Spring and regeneration.,Interpretation,At his time, Shelley was known more for his radical philosophical and political views than for his poetry. While his political and philosophical views were determined before he was twenty, it is his poetry that he is most remembered for; his beautiful, elegic lyrical poetry and lines make him a scion of the Romantics. During his life, Shelley seemed to have been torn between following his poetical pursuits or his philosophical ones; his wife, Mary Shelley, writes that her husband “deliberated at one time whether he should dedicate himself to poetry or metaphysics, and he resolved on the former“ . However, Shelley found an equilibrium in which he was able to incorporate both. His poems seldom do not represent some sort of philosophical ideology.,Interpretation,Unit 4 John Keats (1795-1821),John Keats,A thing of beauty is a joy for ever: Its loveliness increases; it will never Pass into nothingness. Endymion. Book i.,Critical reception of his poetry: - not much read during his lifetime - harshly judged by critics - be