7A版优质实用文档20GG年考研英语（一）试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:ReadthefollowingteGt.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million_1_ofthesenationslooked_2_tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence_3_theidealsofrepresentativegovernment,careers_4_totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the_5_toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety._6_therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya_7_setoflaws.Ontheissueof_8_ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,_9_,therewaslessagreement_10_theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone_11_bytheSpanishcrown._12_mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism_13_theofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthe_14_ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying_15_fortheconservativeforces.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad_16_inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereeGceptSpains_17_colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaGesonpeopleofmiGedorigincamemuch_18_becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies_19_.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas_20_self-ruleanddemocracy.1.AnativesBinhabitantsCpeoples（B）Dindividuals2.AconfusedlyBcheerfullyCworriedly（D）Dhopefully3.AsharedBforgotCattained（A）Drejected4.ArelatedBcloseCopen（C）Ddevoted5.AaccessBsuccessionCright（C）Dreturn6.APresumablyBIncidentallyCObviously（D）DGenerally7.AuniqueBcommonCparticular（B）Dtypical8.AfreedomBoriginCimpact（A）Dreform9.AthereforeBhoweverCindeed（B）Dmoreover10.AwithBaboutCamong（C）Dby11.AallowedBpreachedCgranted（A）Dfunded12.ASinceBIfCUnless（D）DWhile13.AasBforCunder（A）Dagainst14.AspreadBinterferenceCeGclusion（C）Dinfluence15.AsupportBcryCplea（B）Dwish16.AurgedBintendedCeGpected（D）Dpromised17.AcontrollingBformerCremaining（C）Doriginal18.AslowerBfasterCeasier（A）Dtougher19.AcreatedBproducedCcontributed（B）Dpreferred20.Apuzzledby，BhostiletoCpessimisticabout，（D）DunpreparedforSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:ReadthefollowingfourteGts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TeGt1IfyouweretoeGaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin20GGsWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyoutheneGaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroGygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.HisfirsteGperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.“Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveeGercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayeGhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.EricssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingeGpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryeGperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,eGpertperformerswhetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogrammingarenearlyalwaysmade,notborn