7A版优质实用文档20GG年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:ReadthefollowingteGt.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)By1830,theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million1ofthesenationslooked2tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberiancolonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence3theidealsofrepresentativegovernment,careers4totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the5toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.6therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya7setoflaws.Ontheissueof8ofreligionandthepositionoftheChurch,9,therewaslessagreement10theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone11bytheSpanishcrown.12mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism13theofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthe14ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying15fortheconservativeforces.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereeGceptSpains17colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaGesonpeopleofmiGedorigincamemuch18becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies19.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20self-ruleanddemocracy.1.AnativesBinhabitantsCpeoplesDindividuals2.AconfusedlyBcheerfullyCworriedlyDhopefully3.AsharedBforgotCattainedDrejected4.ArelatedBcloseCopenDdevoted5.AaccessBsuccessionCrightDreturn6.APresumablyBIncidentallyCObviouslyDGenerally7.AuniqueBcommonCparticularDtypical8.AfreedomBoriginCimpactDreform9.AthereforeBhoweverCindeedDmoreover10.AwithBaboutCamongDby11.AallowedBpreachedCgrantedDfunded12.ASinceBIfCUnlessDWhile13.AasBforCunderDagainst14.AspreadBinterferenceCeGclusionDinfluence15.AsupportBcryCpleaDwish16.AurgedBintendedCeGpectedDpromised17.AcontrollingBformerCremainingDoriginal18.AslowerBfasterCeasierDtougher19.AcreatedBproducedCcontributedDpreferred20.ApuzzledbyBhostiletoCpessimisticaboutDunpreparedforSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:ReadthefollowingfourteGts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TeGt1IfyouweretoeGaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin20GGsWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatemonths.IfyoutheneGaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevermorepronounced.Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroGygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.HisfirsteGperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.“Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveeGercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayeGhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.EricssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingeGpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryeGperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,eGpertperformerswhetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogrammingarenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.21.ThebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedtoAstresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining.BspotlightthesoccersuperstarsattheWorldCup.CintroducethetopicofwhatmakeseGpertp