现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料Chapter 1 A General Survey Of English Vocabularyn 1.0 The Definition of the term “word” 词的定义n 1.1 The Development of English Vocabulary英语词汇的发展史n 1.2 Classification of English Words词的分类 1.0 The Definition of the term “word”Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. a minimum free form sound lexical and grammatical meaning syntactic function Bound form粘着形式：Never used as sentences. Free form 自由形式：Consists entirely of two or more lesser free forms. Its not a phrase，is a word.1.1 The Development of English Vocabulary Native: Celtic 1st period(449-1100): Old English or Anglo-Saxon Period (OE or AS) Celtic Anglo-Saxon (the settlement from 450 AD.) / Old Norse / Latin 2nd period (1100-1500): Middle English Period (ME)French (the Norman Conquest in 1066)Latin 3rd period (1500-present): Modern English PeriodEarly stages of Modern English (1500-1700)Latin (Renaissance)Greek (Renaissance)Contemporary English (1700-present):Three Romance Languages : French, Spanish, ItalianOther European languages: Portuguese, German, Dutch Non-European languages (exploration, colonization, trade)n The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes. Marked progress of science and technology. Socio-economic，political and cultural changes. The influence of other cultures and languages.1.2 Classification of English Wordsn Three main criteria: l By origin: 1. native words 本族词 2. loan words 外来词l By level of usage: 1. common words 普通词 2. literary words 书面词 3. colloquial words 口头词 4. slang words 俚语 5. technical words 术语l By notion: 1. function words 功能词 2. content words 实义词n By origin: 1. native words 本族词 2. loan words 外来词Native words: words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of old EnglishFeatures of native words: Most are monosyllabic forming the great majority of the basic word stockLoan / borrowed words: those borrowed from other languagesBasic word stock: auxiliary, modal verbs, numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, the most frequently used words (essential to life) National character Stability Word-forming ability Ability to form collocationsn By level of usage: 1. Common words 普通词 2. Literary words 书面词 3. Colloquial words 口头词 4. Slang words 俚语 5. Technical words 术语*There are no clear-cut boundaries between the various classes of words.l Common words普通词: connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life The core of the common words is the basic word stock. Stylistically neutrall Literary words书面词: chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. Most are of French, Latin or Greek origin. Among the literary word, two categories are noteworthy: archaic words (c.f. obsolete words) poetical wordsl Slang俚语: Language, words or phrases of a vigorous, colorful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary Not generally used in informal conversation unless the speakers are on intimate terms Embracing those daring and new expression that have not been accepted as standard EnglishThe chief reason for use of slang: secure freshness and novelty l Technical words术语: used in various fields: science, profession or trade, art, sport increasing precision in nomenclature one specific meaning Latin or Greek in originn By notion: 1. function words 功能词 2. content words 实义词l Function words: determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries not having much lexical meaning serving grammatically: Behaving like grammatical signals or functional markers, Expressing the kinds of connection between content words Constructing acceptable English sentences small in number and stable: In relatively closed lists Belonging to a relatively small and permanent set of words) high frequency3