初中英语基础语法,一、词类,名词、形容词、代词、 数词、冠词、动词、 副词、介词、连词、感叹词,1.名词,名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。 如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.,1.1 名词的分类,英语名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。 1）专有名词:是国名、地名、人名、团体、机构等的专用名称。 专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。 如：Beijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of China(中华人民共和国),1.1 名词的分类,2）普通名词：是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词。 如：pupil, family, man, foot, sadness, hope, friendship,1.1 名词的分类,普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词:是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词 如: box, child, orange； 不可数名词：是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。 如：water, news, oil, population, information .,1.2 名词复数的变化,1. 可数名词的复数：规则变化/不规则变化 （1）规则变化形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。,1) 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, book-books, truth-truths,2) 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es bus-buses, class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes,3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities, baby-babies,练一练,lemon-_ beach-_ class-_ fox-_ library-_ butterfly-_ baby-_ day-_ pencil-_ watch-_,lemons,beaches,classes,foxes,libraries,butterflies,babies,watches,days,pencils,survey- subway- apartment- identity- parcel- fee- track-,surveys,subways,apartments,identities,parcels,fees,tracks,1. -Can I help you? -Three _ (doll),please. 2. I like_( strawberry) because they are sweet and juicy. 3. I dont like _(fly) because they are ugly and dirty. 4.They come from different _ (country).,dolls,strawberries,flies,countries,4) 以-f或-fe结尾的名词一般变-f或-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves thief-thieves knife-knives wife-wives half-halves,5) 有些以-f或-fe结尾的名词直接加-s chief-chiefs roof-roofs,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes,radio-radios,zoo-zoos,6) 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-es，以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes radio-radios, zoo-zoos * piano-pianos photo-photos,一般情况在词尾加-s,map-maps, book-books, truth-truths,以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es,bus-buses, class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes,以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es,party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities, baby-babies,以-f或-fe结尾的名词一般变-f或-fe为v再加-es,leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves,有些以-f或-fe结尾的名词直接加-s,chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs,以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-es，以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s,hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes, piano-pianos, radio-radios, zoo-zoos,综合挑战，你敢接吗？ plane brush church piano shelf thief radio subway tomato photo ox hero laundry,s,es,es,s,-shelves,-thieves,s,s,es,s,es,es,-laundries,游戏规则： 1.游戏分为必答题和抢答题，答题者举手示意。 2.最先举手者获得答题权，答对该组加一分，答错不扣分，两轮答题结束后，得分最高组获胜。 3.获胜组可要求其他组的任意两人课后准备英语绕口令或笑话，下节课当众讲给大家听。 4.答题者在答题前需说：I am./ My name is.,要求：不得翻阅笔记，各组互相监督，发现一次扣1分。 答题者一旦说出可，不得更改，更改无效！ 必答题：每组轮流答题，限时5秒。答不上来则下一组回答，答对组加分。 示范：cat - cats 答题者说出名词复数后要拼写正确，否则不计分,需要记分员和主持人一名 要求： 1.记分员和主持人要本着公平公正的原则，不得有人和私心，其他组成员发现有不公平现象，经大家同意，给记分员和主持人所在组减分。 2.记分员和主持人若想参与游戏，可与本组人员交换,bus,buses,potato,potatoes,boy,boys,family,families,zoo,zoos,country,countries,watch,watches,tomato,tomatoes,chief,chiefs,knife,knives,city,cities,brush,brushes,radio,radios,potato,potatoes,roof,roofs,shelf,shelves,strawberry,strawberries,leaf,leaves,I,we,his,them,eraser,erasers,hero,heroes,dish,dishes,day,days,抢答题： 答题者举手示意，最先举手者获得答题权，有扰乱秩序现象记分员可酌情减分！ 注：单词前有+的，答题者说出单词意思，加0.5分。,+puppy,puppies,+ox,oxes,story,stories,+wolf,wolves,+fly,flies,+diary,diaries,+item,items,+highway,highways,+beach,beaches,+overcoat,overcoats,student,students,+curtain,curtains,piano,pianos,peach,peaches,答题者能准确说出句子意思，可加1分,Lily and Lucy are my _ (classmate).,classmates,How many _ (subway)are there in ShenZhen?,subways,The _ (leaf) turn green in spring.,leaves,There are_(photo) on the wall. They are very beautiful.,photos,1.2 名词复数的变化,（2）不规则变化形式 1）单复数同形：,sheep-sheep,fish-fish,Chinese, Japanese,fish-fishes,fish（不可数）,fish-fish,2)元音字母oo变为ee,tooth,-teeth,foot,-feet,3)变man为men,man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,policewoman-policewomen,4)其他形式,child,mouse,-mice,-children,注意：1.有些名词单复数异义,glass,glasses,paper,papers,2.有些名词只有复数形式,clothes,trousers,不可数名词,water,rice,bread,注：不可数名词要表示数量，需借助量词 一瓶水： 一碗米饭： 一杯咖啡：,a bottle of water,a bowl of rice,a cup of coffee,man _ woman _ child _ foot_ this _ paper_ juice_ water_ rice_ sheep_deer_ fish_,men,women,children,feet,these,papers,a glass of juice,a bottle of water,a bowl of rice,sheep,deer,fish,Chinese Englishman Frenchman Swiss policewoman Japanese,