MBA专业术语汇总AAbility-to-pay principle 能力纳税原则The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden Absolute advantage 绝对优势The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity Aggregate-demand curve 总需求曲线A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at any price levelAggregate-supply curve 总供给曲线A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at any level Appreciation 升值An increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy Automatic stabilizers 自动稳定器Changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action Average fixed cost 平均固定成本Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output Average revenue 平均收益Total revenue divided by the quantity sold Average tax rate 平均税率Total taxes paid divided by total income Average total cost 平均总成本Total cost divided by the quantity of output Average variable cost 平均可变成本Variables costs divided by the quantity of output Accelerator 加速数the effect on GDP of the increase in investment that results from an increase in output. For instance, the greater output leads a firm to believe that the demand for its products will rise in the future; the resulting increase in investment leads to growth in output and still further increases in investment, accelerating the expansion of the economy Acquired endowments 后天禀赋 resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated population Adaptive expectations 适应性预期expectations based on the extrapolation of events in the recent past into the future aggregate expenditures schedule 总支出曲线a curve that traces out the relationship between expenditures-the sum of consumption, investment, government expenditures, and net exports-and the national income, at a fixed price level antitrust laws 反托拉斯法laws that discourage monopoly and restrictive practices and encourage greater competition arbitrage 套利the process by which assets with comparable risk, liquidity, and tax treatment are priced to yield comparable expected returns adverse selection 逆向选择principle that says that those who most want to buy insurance tend to be those most at risk, but charging a high price for insurance (to cover the high risk)will discourage those at less risk from buying insurance at all asset 资产any item that is long-lived, purchased for the service it renders over its life and for what one will receive when one sells it assistance in kind 实物援助public assistance that provides particular goods and services, like food or medical care, rather than cash asymmetric information 信息不对称a situation in which the parties to a transaction have different information, as when the seller or a used car has more information about its quality then the buyer autonomous consumption 自主消费that part of consumption that does not depend on income average costs 平均成本the total costs divided by the total output average productivity 平均产量total quantity divided by the total quantity of input B Benefits principle 受益原则 The idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services Bond 债券 A certificate of indebtedness Budget constraint 预算约束 The limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford Budget deficit 预算赤字 An excess of government spending over government receipts Budget surplus 预算盈余 An excess of government receipts over government spendin barriers to entry 进入障碍 factors that prevent firms from entering a market, such as government rules or patents basic competitive model 基本竞争模型 the model of the economy that pulls together the assumptions of self-interested consumers, profit maximizing firms, and perfectly competitive markets bequest savings motive 储蓄的遗产动机 people save so that they can leave an inheritance to their children Bertrand competition 伯特兰竞争 an oligopoly in which each firm believes that its rivals are committed to keeping their prices fixed and that customers can be lured away by offering lower prices bilateral trade 双边贸易 trade between two parties boom 繁荣 a period of time when resources are being fully used and GDP is growing steadily CCapital 资本The equipment and structures used to produce goods and services Capital flight 资本外流A large and sudden reduction in the demand for assets located in a country Cartel 卡特尔A group of firms acting in unison Catch-up effect 追赶效应The property that countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly than countries that start off rich Central bank 中央银行An institution designed t