Respect the collective vision -Small mushrooms, big family and great wealth of the society 尊重团队的理念-小蕈菌，大家庭和社会的巨大福祉,Shu-Ting Chang Emeritus Professor of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong 张树庭 生物系荣誉讲座教授 香港中文大学,INTRODUCTION 引言,As we know, today we face many challenges for global human welfare involving inadequate regional food supplies, diminishing quality of health, and increasing environmental deterioration. We need urgently to acquire the knowledge and technology required for fair and effective global response.,众所周知，今天我们面临着诸多全球性的挑战，其中涉及到地区性粮食短缺，健康质量的下滑和不断加剧的环境恶化。我们迫切需要获得相应的知识和技术，来保证世界公平和有效的运转。,Then we all should think about these issues confronting our world from growing our economy, to protecting our environment, to providing us with food, to enhancing our health. And then we may ask ourselves, whether mushroom biology and mushroom biotechnology could provide tools to help reduce the burden of these issues or to help to find solutions?,我们都应该思考这个世界所面临的各种挑战-从经济增长，到环境保护，食物供给和健康促进。 此外，我们扪心自问，是否蕈菌生物学和蕈菌生物技术可以提供一些工具和手段，来帮助减轻这些挑战所带来的负担，或者帮助寻找解决方案呢？,The answers are positive. Therefore, I think that better understanding of mushroom biology and mushroom biotechnology is vital. It is also important to strengthen the co-operative connections between /among National and international mushroom organizations (movements) and their respective contributions to the development of the world mushroom industry and its links with global business.,答案是肯定的。因此，我认为更好的理解蕈菌生物学和蕈菌生物技术至关重要。同时，加强国家和国际蕈菌组织之间/内部的合作，突出它们对于世界蕈菌产业发展的贡献以及强调它们与全球商业的联系也具有重要意义。,Most of us would agree that humans are an organism which has evolved as gathering places of repositories with enormous capabilities because collectively we can achieve more than we can separately.,我们中的大多数人都会同意这个观点：人类社会是一个已经进化为群居生活的整体。因为与个人相比，借助集体的力量可以让我们获得更多。,II. WHAT ARE OUR BELOVED SMALL MUSHROOMS? 我们深爱的小蕈菌究竟是什么呢？,A mushroom is defined as a macrofungus with a distinctive fruiting body which can be either epigeous or hypogeous, large enough to be seen with the naked eye and to be picked by hand. Accordingly, mushrooms can be either Basidiomtcete or Accomycetes.,蕈菌可以定义为具有独特子实体的大型真菌。这里所说的子实体可以生长在地上或者地下，体积大到肉眼可见，并且能够用手采摘到。因此，蕈菌可以是担子菌或子囊菌。,Chang, S.T. & P.G. Miles (1992). The Mycologist 6, 64-65,III. How big is the mushroom family? Or How many mushrooms are on Earth? 蕈菌家族有多大？或者地球上有多少种蕈菌？,Without a clear definition of the term of “ mushroom”, it is impossible to estimate how many so called mushroom on the earth. According to the definition given by Chang and Miles (1992), DL Harksworth (2012) has estimated that we currently know about 15, 000 mushroom species and about 3,000 are safe species including about 700 with some pharmaceutical activities.,没有对于“蕈菌”的明确定义，就不可能估算出地球上究竟有多少种所谓的蕈菌。 据Chang和Miles在1992年给出的定义，2012年DL harksworth估算，目前有大约15000种已知的蕈菌，其中3000种左右是可以食用的，里面还包括约700种具有一定药理活性的蕈菌。,地球上有多少蕈菌,地球上估计有真核生物一千五百万种 约三百万种为真菌 其中15万种已被定名 其中1万5千种是蕈菌 其中3000种是可食用的 其中700种是药用蕈菌 (Wasser, 2010). 中国药用270种 1. Hawksworth DL. 2012. Biodivers Conserv 21: 2425-2433. 2. Costello et al., 2013. Science 339: 413-416,IV. Why mushrooms can be a great wealth of the Society? 为什么蕈菌可以成为一个社会的巨大福祉呢？,(1) Mushroom uses 蕈菌的用途,Mushrooms themselves can be mainly used as food for a healthy state, pure refined products can mainly used as a medicine for ill state, and crude extract products mainly used as dietary supplements for a sub-healthy state as well as for both healthy and ill states as shown in the following Figure (Chang & Wasser, 2012 ),蕈菌本身主要作为促进健康的食品；经过纯化的产品主要当作治疗疾病的药物；粗提取物产品主要以膳食补充剂的形式面向亚健康，健康和疾病人群，如下图所示（Chang & Wasser, 2012）,Illness,Sub-health,Health,A Pyramidal Model of Mushroom Uses ( Industry ),Human health may be divided into three states: health, sub-health and illness; and mushrooms are relevant for all these states Source: Chang and Wasser (2012),药品,補品,食品,已病,欲病,未病,金字塔模型的蕈菌用途（产业）,人类健康可分为健康，亚健康及有病。食用菌与三者都有益处,孙思邈：上工治未病，中工治欲病，下工治已病,New Trends of Mushroom Production 蕈菌生产的新趋势,World Mushroom Production 世界蕈菌产量(Delcaire 1978, Chang & Buswell, 2008 and Chang 2013),Chinas contribution to World mushroom production since 1978 自1978年以来中国的蕈菌产量在世界上所占的比重,However, according to The Journal of Nutrition. May 8, 2014 然而，根据2014年5月8日出版的营养学杂志,(3). World MARKET VALUE OF MUSHROOMS IN 2012 2012年全球蕈菌的市场价值,1.EDIBLE MUSHROOMS: USD 40 BILIONS 食用菌：400亿美金 2. MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS: USD 24 BILLIONS 药用菌：240亿美金 TOTAL ABOUT: USD 64 BILLIONS 总计约：640亿美金,1991 - US$ 1.2 billion (Chang, 1993) 1994 - US$ 3.6 billion (Chang, 1996) 1999 - US$ 6.0 billion (Wasser et al. 2000) 2014 - US$ 18 billion (Chilton,2015) 2015- US$ 24 Billion (Chang. 2015),1991 - 12亿美金（Chang, 1993） 1994 - 36亿美金（Chang, 1996） 1999 - 60亿美金（Wasser 等，2000） 2014 - 180亿美金（Chilton，2015） 2015 - 240亿美金（Chang, 2015）,Only production of Ganoderma and Cordyceps is more than 4 billion dollars/year. - Wasser 2015 According to the latest estimates, the world market value of Ganoderma and Cordyceps is about 10 billion dollars/year. - Chen 2015,仅灵芝和冬虫夏