个体差异和相对职业应付 Individual-Difference Variables and Career-Related Coping,DEBUSE ROTONDO Department of Management Salisbury State University The Journal of Social Psychology Vol. 139 No. 4, August 1999,引言,组织精简和重组的影响 生涯平台 人力资源的主要挑战 研究主题,The effects of downsizing and restructuring A career plateau The major human-resource challenge My research center,应付职业平台 Coping With a Career Plateau,介绍 相对生涯应付策略 个体差异变量 假设,Introduction Career-Related Coping Strategies Individual-Difference Variable Hypothesis,介绍,职业压力 已经做过的研究 应付是什么？ 常用模式,Career Stress The research being done What is Coping The pattern recognized by Elsass and Raslton,相对生涯应付策略 Career-Related Coping Strategies,积极策略 问题中心 情感中心 消极策略,Positive Strategies problem-focused emotion focused negative,问题中心 problem-focused,什么是问题中心应付 问题中心 横向转移 新工作 作为导师 成为功能或技术专家 在团队中工作,What is Problem-focused Coping Problem-focused lateral transfers new job duties Mentors Technical experts Work on special projects or teams,情感中心 emotion focused,什么是情感中心 情感中心 社会支持 事业重估,What is emotion focused Emotion focused social supporting reappraisal,消极策略 negative strategies,情感中心 消极策略 抱怨组织和管理者 降低工作质量和数量 使用酒精和药品 离开,All emotion focused Negative strategies blaming the organization Reducing the quality or quantity of the their work Use of alcohol or drugs Leave the organization,个体差异变量 Individual-Difference Variables,成就感 工作态度 消极情感 年龄 工龄 性别 种族,Need for achievement Job involvement Negative affectivity Age Tenure Gender Race,假设 hypothesis,假设1 成就感 假设2 工作态度 假设3 消极情感 假设4 年龄和工龄,Hypothesis1 need for achievement Hypothesis2 job involvement Hypotheses3 negative affectivity Hypotheses4 age and tenure,假设1 hypothesis1,什么是成就感 成就感与积极策略正相关，与消极策略负相关。,Need for achievement High need for achievement will be associated with the use of positive strategies and negatively associated with the use of negative strategies,假设2 hypothesis2,工作态度 工作态度与积极策略正相关，与消极策略负相关,Job involvement High job involvement will be positively associated with the use of positive strategies and negatively associated with the use of negative strategies,假设3 hypothesis3,消极情感 消极情感与积极策略负相关，与消极策略负相关。,Negative affectivity(NA) NA will be negatively associated with the use of positive strategies and positively associated with the use of negative strategies,假设4 hypothesis4,年龄和工龄 雇员的年龄和工龄与积极政策正相关，与消极政策负相关。,Age and tenure Employ age and tenure will be positively associated with the positive strategies and negatively associated with the negative strategies,总结 目标,Summary The goal of my research,方法 Method,参与者 测量 分析方法 回归分析,Participants Measures Regression analysis,参与者 participants,水处理设备公司 450-224-120 Perception measures 我想我处于生涯平台 性别，种族比例,Water-treatment facility 450-224-120 Perception measures I believe I have reached a career plateau The proportion of gender and race,测量 measure,成就感 工作态度 消极情感 年龄和工龄 个体差异和应付策略,Need for achievement Job involvement Negative affectivity Age and tenure Coping strategies,成就感 need for achievement,量表 5个问题，7维 样题 我采取适度冒险，并且总是瞄准工作以备进步。 相关系数,A 5-item scale A 7-point Liken-type scale of agreement A sample item I take moderate risks and stick my neck out at work to get ahead. Coefficient alpha,工作态度 job involvement,量表 3个问题，7维 样题 我以工作为生命。 相关系数,3-item scale 7-point agreement scale A sample item I live,eat,and breathe my job. Coefficient alpha,消极情感 negative affectivity,量表 21个问题，7维 样题 一次尴尬经历可以让我焦虑好几天。 相关系数,21-item scale 7-point agreement scale A sample exam After an embarrassing experience,I worried about it for days. Coefficient alpha,年龄和工龄 age and tenure,年龄 从22岁到65岁 工龄 从一年到25年,Age From 22 to 65 years Tenure From 1 to 25 years,应付策略 coping strategies,四维量表 完全不同意到完全同意 样题,A 4-point scale From not true at all to completely true Sample items,样题 sample items,我做横向转移 我向同事，朋友，家人诉说工作进展。 我决定不再那么看重晋升的事情。,I have taken a lateral transfer. I have talked with friends about my career progress. I have decided to make promotion less of a priority in my life,结果 results,表一 表明了在该研究中所有变量的相关系数。,Table 1 represents the correlation between all of the variables in this study.,表二 表明个体差异与积极策略之间的关系。,Table 2 contains the results of the regression analyses,testing the associations between the individual-difference variables and the 7positive coping strategies.,表三 表明个体差异与消极策略之间的关系。,Table 3 presents the same analyses for the 6 negative coping strategies.,总结,假设1得到了强烈支持，成就感高的人，明显使用积极策略多余消极策略。,Hypothesis 1 received good support in that need for achievement was significantly associated with the use of more positive and less negative strategies.,假设2在工作态度方面得到了比较模糊的支持。,Hypothesis 2 received very marginal support in that job involvement.,假设3 在消极情感方面的到了较好的支持，消极情感高的人更多的使用消极策略而不是积极策略。(除了更多的使用对工作的重估）,Negative affective was associated with less use of positive strategies and greater use of negative strategies (the exception being greater use of reappraisal).,对于假设4的有限支持 年龄和工龄,I found limited support for hypothesis 4. Age and tenure,讨论 成就感,结论 作用,讨论 工作态度,不是一个非常有用的变量 两个情感因素 作用 讨论,Not a useful personality variable in the context of the coping strategies. The twos strategies are emotion focused in nature.,讨论 消极情感,有用