Module 4 CarnivalThe carnival has been celebrated in the City of Cologne since ancient times. However, after a new government came into power in 1814, it was high time to “organise” the street carnival, which the new authority thought was getting out of hand. Therefore, in 1823 the Festival Committee was founded.Over the years, certain new traditions and customs have emerged (出现), which become the feature of the modern Cologne Carnival: the indoor festivities and the street carnival. It is the task of the Festival Committee, representing over 100 Cologne carnival associations, etc., to organise, set common standards, and preserve the tradition of the carnival.Traditionally, the carnival starts at 11：11, 11th, November! The carnival lasts for totally three months. On February 10,1823 Cologne celebrated the first Rose Monday, the craziest day of the carnival. Given its Christian roots, the date of Rose Monday is determined by the Church calendar: It takes place on the Monday before the carnival ends.This carnival is known as one of the most important street parties of all times. This colorful celebration attracts over a million visitors from all over the world. The parades through the streets are organised by locals and school children. Thousands of people come to watch the great show. Millions of people stand on both sides of the street cheering. Germans let down their hair and have the time of their lives, drinking, singing and dancing. On Ash Wednesday, the day the carnival ends, it is a must to have fish that is what you will get on the menu of all restaurants.To learn more about the carnival, many people have visited the carnival museum of Cologne. The museum opened its gates in 2005 and was awarded the title of “2006 Location of Ideas and Innovations” in the following year. The exhibition has a wide variety of exhibits in the history of carnival in Europe. Visitors are amazed at the collection of medals from Colognes various carnival clubs or they can listen to the typical carnival music in klsch, a dialect (方言) spoken in Cologne.Section_Introduction_&_Reading_PrereadingThe Magic of the MaskThink of carnival， and you think of crowds, costumes， and confusion. The sounds and sights change from one country to another but the excitement is the same everywhere.“Carnival” comes from two Latin words, meaning “no more meat”. In Europe, where it began， carnival was followed by forty days without meat, as people prepared for the Christian festival of Easter. People saw Carnival as a last chance to have fun at the end of the winter season. Having fun meant eating, drinking, and dressing up.Think of . and you think of .为“祈使句and陈述句”结构。carnival/knIvl/n.狂欢节costume/kstjum/n.服装；戏装；化装服confusion/knfjun/n.杂乱；混乱change from .to .从到变化现在分词短语“meaning .”作定语，相当于“which means .”。where it began为定语从句，修饰先行词Europe。be followed by被跟随；紧跟着Christian/krIstn/adj.基督教的as people prepared for the Christian为时间状语从句。see .as .把看作have fun过得愉快，动名词短语having fun作主语，mean doing表示“意味着做”。dress up装扮；打扮面具的魔力第12段译文想到狂欢节，你就会想到人群、各式各样的服装和热闹非凡的场面。 这种场面在每个国家所听到的和看到的各不相同，但人们的兴奋程度在各地都是相同的。“狂欢节”这个词是由两个拉丁词演变而来的，意思是“禁肉食”。欧洲是狂欢节的发源地，在那里，狂欢节过后人们会有40天不吃肉，在这期间，人们为基督教的节日复活节做准备。人们把狂欢节作为冬季结束前最后一次玩乐的机会。玩乐意味着吃、喝和乔装打扮。The most famous carnival in Europe was in Venice. At the beginning， it lasted for just one day. People ate, drank, and wore masks. As time passed， however, the carnival period was extended， so that it began just after Christmas. For weeks on end people walked round the streets wearing masks, doing what they wanted without being recognised. Ordinary people could pretend to be rich and important, while famous people could have romantic adventures in secret. Many crimes went unpunished.at the beginning从一开始，起初(at first)last (for) 持续as time passed随着时间的推移extend/Ikstend/vt.延长so that it began just after Christmas为结果状语从句。on end(时间)连续地；竖着现在分词短语wearing .doing .作伴随状语。而doing后what they wanted .为宾语从句。pretend/prItend/vi.假装pretend to do sth.假装做某事in secret秘密地(secretly)go unpunished没有得到惩罚第3段译文欧洲(过去)最著名的狂欢节是在威尼斯。最初，狂欢节只持续一天。人们吃呀、喝呀，并戴上面具。然而，随着时间的推移，庆祝狂欢节的时间被延长了，以至于圣诞节一过狂欢节就开始了。连续几个星期人们戴着面具走在街上，为所欲为而不会被认出来。普通人可以装成阔佬和要人，而名人也可以偷偷地体验浪漫奇遇。很多罪行逃脱了惩处。The government realised that wearing masks had become a problem. Their use was limited by laws, the first of which dates back to the fourteenth century. Men were not allowed to wear masks at night; and they were not allowed to dress up as women. In later times more laws were passed. People who wore masks could not carry firearms； and no one could enter a church wearing a mask. If they broke the laws, they were put into prison for up to two years. Finally, when Venice became part of the Austrian empire， at the end of the eighteenth century, masks were banned completely, and carnival became just a memory.But in the late 1970s the tradition was revived b