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1高中英语书面表达现状分析及应对策略书面表达能力的高低是衡量学生英语水平的一个重要标志。新课程标准分级对写的能力提出了具体而明确的要求。高中毕业要达到八级目标,要求学生能写出连贯且结构完整的短文,叙述事情或表达观点和态度;能根据课文写摘要;能在写作中做到文体规范,语句通顺;能根据文字及图表提供的信息写短文或报告。然而,学生英语书面表达能力的不足,严重制约着英语教学水平地提高和这一目标的实现,也在很大程度上影响着学生高考英语成绩地提升。这是一个长期以来令广大学生和英语老师倍感困惑和头疼的问题。 究其原因,一是学生没有比较扎实的掌握基本的英语句式即五种简单句的基本结构,单词掌握得不牢固,词性含糊不清,滥用;时态错误,汉语式英语,主谓不一致等。二是他们缺少对英语书面表达的正规训练,缺乏英语书面表达的基本写作技能,以至于写出来的英语作文没有章法错误百出,好多句子都是一些单词的无序堆砌。三是多数英语老师在平时的英语教学中对英语书面表达的重视程度不够,缺乏应有的和比较系统的指导。 另外,由于时间和精力等原因,老师们往往很难持之以恒地去指导学生,特别是面批作文;每次作文本发下来后,好多学生不去认真地研读老师的批阅,不及时改正错误,以至于在以后的书面表达中重复那些老师在课堂上反复纠正过的错误。以上这些都是导致学生英语写作水平整体偏低和长期难以提高的主要原因。 如何大面积提高学生的英语书面表达能力,是一个摆在我们广大英语老师面前急待解决的难题。英语书面表达有没有捷径和技巧?答案应该说是肯定的,只要方法得当,训练系统,指导到位,英语书面表达还是可以在较短的时间内得到整体提升的。要提高学生的书面表达能力,不能操之过急,一定要遵循语言学习规律,逐步做好以下几个方面: 一、提高语言运用的基本能力 重点抓好学、练、用三个基本环节。词汇是语言的基本单位,句子才是传递信息的载体。只有把若干个单词按照一定的语法规则有序地组织起来变成句子进而连句成篇,才能表情达意。这就是我们常说的词不离句,句不离篇。 学习词汇,一定要掌握它们的基本意义和引申义、词性及固定搭配。明确不同词性的词在句子中所扮演的不同角色即语法功能。做好词不离句即用词造句这一最基本形式的。在英语中,一词多义及兼类现象十分普遍。比如 cover可表示:1)覆盖、隐匿、掩蔽;2) (面积)占;3)行程(路程) ;4)采访、报道;5)负担支付(开支) ;6)弥补(损失等) ;7)书的封面等。如:Lies cant cover up facts. (cover: 掩盖)Our school covers an area of ninety thousand square meters.( cover: 面积占)The Red Army covered 25,000 li on their Long March.(cover:行过路程)The cover of this book is beautifully designed.(cover:封面)因此,在学习词汇时,一定要在语境中理解词义、掌握其用法。 二、提高学生的单句写作能力 首先我们要让学生熟练地掌握五种简单句的基本结构,书面表达时,先保证能够写出结构正确、句意清楚的简单句,为他们今后能够写出更为精彩和复杂的句式打好坚实的基础。其次掌握一些常见的固定句式,如:have 2some/much/no/little trouble/difficulty in doing sth;It takes sb. some time to do sth;take great/ a lot of trouble to do sth 等。 另外,让学生熟悉句子的种类(肯定句、否定句,祈使句、疑问句,感叹句,强调句) 、掌握简单句的各种变式,如句型转换、形式“it”的用法、基本句子的扩展等。并能做到,根据表达内容和情感的需要选择适当的句式去表情达意。如:It is important to protect our environment. 可改为:How important it is to protect our environment! The party will include singing,dancing and playing games. 用下面句式表达效果会更好:There will be a few wonderful programs, including singing, dancing and Chinese cross-talk, etc. 三、掌握使用并列和主从复合句 在书面表达中,能正确使用复杂句式,如,定语从句、名词性从句、同位语从句、状语从句、强调和倒装结构等,是语言驾驭能力的很好的体现,也是评卷老师判定高考英语书面表达档次的重要依据。因此,平时应该牢记一些句型,多读多记一些常用的写作套语等,力求句子长短交错,合理穿插,简繁结合,结构多变,使句子更加漂亮,以增加文章的亮度。如:Work hard and youll make great progress.或 Work hard or you wont make progress. He didnt find that he had left the English book in his house until he got to school.该句也可以改写成倒装句或强调结构,以强调时间状语。 Not until he got to school did he find that he had left his English book in his house. 或:It was not until he got to school that he found he left the English book in his house. 四、掌握并熟练运用一些常见的关联词和过渡词 使文章句与句,段与段之间衔接紧密,过渡自然,层次分明。如表铺垫的and;表递进的 even worse, whats more, moreover;表示事件先后顺序的 to begin with, in the meantime, finally/lastly,说明观点的 generally speaking, on the whole, on the other hand, from ones point of view;作出结论的 in conclusion, to sum up, in brief/in short 等。 五、学习并记住一些常用的成语、俗语、名言警句等 根据文章的内容和表达的需要,适当引用一些名言警句以引出话题或突出文章主题,会起到很好的作用。会使你的文章主题突出,层次分明,语言活泼风趣,增强文章的感染力。如:Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. Where there is a will, there is a way. Difficulties arise in the lives of us all, the most important is dealing with the hard times, coping with the changes, and getting through to the other side where the sun is just shining for you. 可以用句式 There is an old saying going like this, As a popular saying goes/is that, Just as sb says/said 引出。谚语浩如烟海,涉及生活的各个方面,平时要留心学习记忆。 六、掌握学习使用一些高级词汇和高级结构 学会灵活使用各种句式,非谓语动词短语,独立主格结构等。做到词汇丰富,使用准确,句式灵活多变,层次分明,结构严谨,过渡自然,主题突出。 所谓高级结构,指的就是言简意赅。就是用简洁的语言,尽可能地给读者3提供更丰富的信息量,既要准确表意又能生动传情。要注重句式的灵活多变,使表达更加准确,语言生动,语气亲切,感情真挚。给读者以强烈的感染力。如: They have taken great trouble to help us out. (一般) You hardly imagine what great trouble they have taken to help us out. (高级) When the murderer was taken into the court, his hands were tied behind his back. (一般) The murderer was taken to the court, with his hands tied behind his back.(高级) Because the weather was good, our journey was comfortable.(一般) Thanks to the good weather, we had a comfortable journey.(高级) Some people agree with my idea. (一般) I am not lonely in the idea. (高级) While I was studying at collage, I took up many part-time jobs.(一般) While studying at collage, I took up many part-time jobs. (高级)In the course of my working through collage, I took up many part-time jobs. (高级) When I came in, he didnt raise his head /look up but continued reading. (一般) When I came in, he didnt look up from reading. (高级) 高级和一般并没有严格的定义和界限,它重点强调词汇的丰富和句式的变化,以避免句式的单一和单词的重复,增强文章的表现力和感染力。各种句式的变化都离不开五种简单句的基本结构。因此,同学们必须牢固地掌握并灵活的运用它们,在此基础上,由简单到复杂,再由复杂到简洁,由一般到高级,逐渐增强使用高级表达方式的意识,提高使用高级表达方式的能力。
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