Tax Incentives for Energy Efficiency in Buildings 今天美国能源基金会的国际项目专家goldstein到访重庆，检查项目进展情况。在座谈会上，他的发言課件。在这个讲述了課件中，他主要是讲述了以下几个问题：,1、Energy efficiency codes have been the foundation of successful energy planning in many regions and nations. 2、Efficiency incentive programs complement codes and increase savings. 3、Tax incentives can promote more advanced technologies, but there is not much experience with them. 供大家参考! 附件: Tax Incentives for EE in Bldgs 8-04.ppt (193.5 K),Tax Incentives for Energy Efficiency in Buildings 节能建筑的税收激励 7-8 September 2004 2004年9月7-8日,by: David B. Goldstein, Ph.D. Energy Program Director NRDC, San Francisco, CA dgoldsteinnrdc.org,Contexts for This Talk 主要内容,Energy efficiency codes have been the foundation of successful energy planning in many regions and nations. Efficiency incentive programs complement codes and increase savings. Tax incentives can promote more advanced technologies, but there is not much experience with them.,在许多的地区与国家,能效标准已成为成功的能源规划的基础 能效激励项目补充标准并提高节能量 税收激励可以促进发展更多的先进技术,但目前尚没有很多此类经验,Energy Codes and Standards Are One of the Most Important Policies for Energy Efficiency 能效标准是最重要的节能政策之一,Savings Exceed 6,000 MW in California today and 13,000 MW as of Year 2010 (Compared to About 45,000 MW of Total Electricity). 在美国加州，今天的能源节约超过6000兆瓦，到2010年将超过13000兆瓦（与大约45000兆瓦的总耗电量相比） Fuel Cost Savings Are at Least Twice the Cost of Efficiency. 燃料成本的节约至少是节能成本的两倍,Efficiency Programs Complement Energy Codes 能效项目配合能源标准,Programs can encourage compliance with the code by motivating designers. Programs can encourage production of efficient equipment locally. Programs can encourage early compliance with Chinas new lighting code and efficiencies beyond the minimum in the code.,dgoldstein: Note 2-tier structure of code,该项目通过激励设计人员而鼓励标准的实施 项目可以鼓励地方生产能效设备 项目可以鼓励早日实施新的照明标准并使能效超过标准的最低要求,Utility-Sponsored Incentive Programs can Greatly Increase Energy Savings 电力部门激励项目可以大幅提高节能量,Tax Incentives for Energy Efficiency Could Greatly Increase Savings 能效的税收激励可以大幅提高节能,Caution: Tax incentives seldom been used: this discussion is partly theoretical. But, evidence from utility programs implies that properly designed tax incentives can promote more advanced technologies and larger energy savings.,dgoldstein: Only Oregon has field experience with successful tax incentives focused on the highest efficiencies. 2) Utility sponsored market transformation programs show the potential for tax incentive programs.,注意: 税收激励的应用还较少,这个讨论部分意义是理论上的讨论 但是,电力项目的经验表明正确设计税收激励政策可以促进更多先进技术的出现并实现更大的节能,Advantages of Tax Incentives: The Ability to Make Long-Term (5-year) Commitments 税收激励的优势: 制定长期(5年) 承诺的能力,Long-term commitments encourage investment in producing the highest global technologies, and developing even better ones. They also encourage professionals to invest in re-education to design higher efficiencies.,dgoldstein: The tax system is the best way to make long term commitments. 2) Tax incentives transform markets best when they apply to the whole nation.,长期承诺鼓励全球最高技术的产生,甚至发展为更好的技术 也鼓励专业人员在再教育方面的投资,以设计出更高能效的产品,Disadvantages of Tax Incentives: The Requirement to Make Long-Term (5-years) Commitments 税收激励的缺点: 要求制定长期(5年)承诺,A long-term commitment means that mistakes cannot be corrected. Long-term commitments can become very expensive without careful program design.,长期 承诺意味着错误不能被修正 如果项目设计不小心,长期承诺将会十分昂贵,Principles for Well-Designed Tax Incentives 税收激励良好设计的规则,Most everyone supports voluntary or incentive-based programs as an alternative to mandatory or code-based programs. But no one wants to pay for the programs. Incentives can become very expensive unless they are designed in a careful way.,大多数人支持自愿项目或激励项目，并视其为强制性标准项目的替代手段 但没有人愿意为此类项目付费。如果不小心设计，激励将会十分昂贵,Principles for Well-Designed Tax Incentives 税收激励良好设计的规则,Workable: based on program experience. Verifiable: assure that energy savings are real and can establish market value. Promote market transformation: incentives should be competitively neutral and sustainable in the marketplace.,可行性：基于项目经验 可证性：保证能源节约是真实的并可产生市场价值 推动市场转轨：在市场上，激励应是公平的竞争、 以及是可持续的。,Energy Policy Principles 能源政策规则,Achieve significant energy savings (50% or more) Ensure that savings are verifiable Tie incentives to energy saving performance Stimulate the economy (and leverage spending) Transform the market so the same incentive is not required in perpetuity,dgoldstein: A high savings goal is necessary to assure that all taxpayers that apply for the incentive will get it. A tax incentive with a limited fixed budget will not provide the confidence to the private sector to make long-term investments: what if the budget is depleted just before the proposed building can apply for the incentive?,实现大量的节能（50%或更多） 保证节能是可证的 将激励与节能性能联系起来 刺激经济 （并平衡花费） 转化市场并因此使同样的激励不会永久的需要,Structure of Incentives Long-Term Incentives 激励的构成 - 长期激励,Building design and construction takes several years. 建筑设计和施工需要几年时间 Unless incentives are assuredly available, efficiency measures requiring architectural changes will not happen. 除非有确保的激励措施，否则要求对建筑上进