第11讲特殊句式和主谓一致特殊句式深化认知一、倒装句(一)部分倒装1将含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首时引起部分倒装结构。这类词(组)有：never, seldom, rarely, little, few, at no time, by no means, no longer, hardly/scarcely . when ., no sooner . than ., not only . but also ., not until, nowhere, neither . nor . 等。Not until the press reported the pollution did people know why the water supply had been cut off.直到报纸报道污染情况，人们才知道水供给为什么会被切断。2“only状语”置于句首时，主句要进行部分倒装。 (2013全国卷单选)Only by increasing the number of doctors by 50 percent can the patients be treated properly in this hospital.只有增加50%的医生，病人才能在这家医院得到妥善治疗。3so/such . that . 结构中的so, such 连同它所修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装。So suddenly did he catch the disease that the whole family were at a great loss. 他患病突然，全家人全然不知所措。4表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者时，用倒装结构“so/ neither/nor助动词/系动词/情态动词主语”(so表示肯定意义，neither/nor表示否定意义)。5as引导的让步状语从句要用倒装结构。即as引导的让步状语从句中必须将表语、状语(形容词、副词、分词)或实义动词提前，构成“形容词/副词/名词/动词/分词as主语谓语的其他部分”的形式。Hard as they tried，they couldnt make her change her mind.尽管他们尽力了，但他们还是没能让她改变主意。(二)全部倒装1here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, away, on the wall, in the room 等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首时，句子用全部倒装。John opened the door. There stood a girl he had never seen before.约翰打开门，他从来没见过的一位女孩站在那儿。2such置于句首时。Such are the facts; no one can deny them.这些就是事实，没有人能否定它们。名师指津此句型中such多被认为是表语，所以such后的be动词应与其后真正的主语保持一致。二、省略句1复合句中的省略在as if, if, though, when, where, while, no matter what, until等引导的从句中，若谓语部分含be动词，而主语又与主句的主语一致或从句主语是it时，从句的主语和谓语中的be动词可以一起省略。All the photographs in this book, unless (the photographs are) stated otherwise, date from the 1950s.这本书里所有的照片，除非有说明的，否则，都要追溯到20世纪50 年代。2动词不定式符号to的省略及不定式的省略在主动语态中，感官动词或使役动词后接不定式作补足语时，往往将不定式符号to省略；在同一句话或同一情景对话中，当同一动作再次出现在后面的不定式位置上时，通常省略该动作而保留不定式符号to。 (2013全国卷单选)The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not to.那名司机想把车停靠在路边，但是警察不允许他这样做。3so/not构成替代省略英语中还常常用so/not等来代替省略的肯定内容或否定内容，so/not多跟在Im afraid/I hope/I think/I guess/I believe等开头的答句中；条件状语从句中有时也有类似的用法，如：if so/if not等。It sounds like something is wrong with the cars engine. If so, wed better take it to the garage immediately.听起来好像汽车引擎出故障了。如果这样的话，我们最好立即把它送到汽修厂。三、强调句1强调句型(1)强调句型的基本结构：It is/was被强调的部分that/who句子其他部分。该句型可对句子的主语、表语、宾语、同位语、状语等进行强调。(2)强调句型的一般疑问句结构：Is/Was it被强调的部分that/who句子其他部分？Was it in the park that he met our new teacher?他是在公园里遇到我们的新老师的吗？(3)强调句型的特殊疑问句结构：特殊疑问词is/wasitthat句子其他部分？注意：强调句型也可用于宾语从句中，但注意语序要用陈述句语序。He asked what it was that made him so upset.他询问究竟是什么让他如此难过。(4)not . until句型的强调句型结构：It is/was not until . that句子其他部分。It was not until I came here that I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.直到我来到这里我才意识到这个地方出名不仅仅是因为它的美丽还因为它的气候。2强调谓语动词用助动词do, does或did来强调谓语动词，用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定的陈述句中，do还可以用于祈使句。She did tell me about her address, but I forgot all about it.她确实告诉过我她的地址，但我全忘了。典题在线完成句子1(2015天津高考单选)Only when Lily walked into the office did_she_realize (她才意识到) that she had left the contract at home. 2(2015湖南高考单选)Only after talking to two students did_I_discover_ (我才发现) that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.3(2015北京高考单选)If_accepted (如果你被接受) for the job, youll be informed soon.4(2015湖南高考单选)It was when we were returning home that_I_realized (我才意识到) what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.5(2014大纲卷单选)Not only do_the_nurses_want (护士想) a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well.6(2014陕西高考单选)No sooner had_Mo_Yan_stepped_on_the_stage_ (莫言一上台) than the audience broke into thunderous applause.7(2014湖南高考单选)Its not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do that_makes_life_happy (让生活快乐)8(2013浙江高考单选)There are some health problems that, when_not_treated_in_time (如果不及时处理), can become bigger ones later on.9(2013天津高考单选) It_was_not_until_near_the_end_of_the_letter_that (直到将近信的结尾) she mentioned her own plan.主谓一致深化认知主谓一致原则一、意义一致原则1由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时，谓语动词用单数。The writer and teacher Smith has gone through millions of ups and downs since he moved to Sydney.既是作家又是教师的史密斯自从搬到悉尼经历了无数的成败。2“no/each/every/many a单数名词andno/each/every/many a单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。3非谓语动词或名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。Knowing how to think clearly and how to speak correctly gives one confidence.知道怎样清晰地思考并正确地说出来会增加人的自信。4含修饰语的名词作主语的特殊情况(1)“many a/more than one单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。Many a large and big business has been built up from small ones.很多大企业都是从小规模发展起来的。(2)all, the rest, the remaining/part .主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。The factory used three fifths of the raw materials, the rest of which were saved for other purposes.工厂用了这种原材料的五分之三， 剩余部分节省出来作为他用。(3)“几分之几/百分之几of名词”结构作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterda