分句、合句法,分译和合译 西文的句式一般是以主句、并列句、从句及各类起 修饰作用的短语构成的,以主语和谓语为核心,从左到 右,像一颗左边长满了树枝(right-branching)的树一 般。而中文的句式往往以动词为中心,以时间顺序为 逻辑语序的流水型的句式结构。英文句子,如果语法 结构运用得好,可以很长,而翻译成中文就必须拆成多 个短句。这种情况下的翻译就应采用分译和合译,以 灵活处理句子的长度。如: 原文:It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.(J.Austen:Pride and Prejudice) 译文:凡是有钱的单身汉,总想娶位太太,这是一 条举世公认的真理。(简奥斯丁的傲慢与偏见),一、分句(Division),英语长句较多。句子修饰语多且长，句子结构复杂；而汉语中长句则相对较少，修饰语也较少且短。所以英译汉时，不能照样克隆复制，而是得根据汉语的特点，灵活处理。分句（切分）就是一种常见的方法，是指把英语中的长句分译成两个或两个以上的句子。 分句分三类：单词分译、短语分译、句子分译,1）单词分译,单词分译是指把原文中的一个单词拆译成一个句子。采用单词分译主要有两个目的：一是为了句法上的需要。由于一些单词在搭配、词义等方面的特点，直译会使句子生硬晦涩，翻译腔十足，而把某个单词分译却能使句子通顺，切不损伤原意。二是为了修辞上的需要，如加强语气、突出重点等。英语中的名词、动词、形容词和副词等都可以分译。,1.Scofflaws abound in amazing variety.,玩忽法令者形形色色，令人吃惊。/比较：。令人吃惊的多种多样。,2.At present people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply.,现在，人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题，因为它安全，不招风险。/ 。选择不偏不倚回答问题的安全。,3。We recognize that Chinas long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth.,我们认识到，中国的长期现代化计划以发展经济为重点，这是可以理解的，也是必要的。/ 。可以理解和必要地强调。,4.The prisoners are permitted to receive Red Cross food parcels and write censored letters.,允许战俘领取红十字会的食品包裹，也允许他们写信，不过信要受到检查。/。写经过检查的信。,2）短语分译,短语分译是指把原文中的一个短语分译成一个句子。名词短语、分词短语、介词短语等有时都可以分译成句子。,1）Invitingly green Angel Island, once a military installation, contains meandering trails and picnic spots ideal for a days excursion.,迷人的天使岛郁郁葱葱，小径蜿蜒，是一日游的理想野餐场所。但在过去它却是一个军事基地。 （名词短语分译。）,2。During several hours of semiconscious sleep， Lydia dreamed of Jean-Jaques， feeling his presence.,几个小时过去了，莉迪亚一直处于半清醒的睡眠状态。她做了个梦，梦见了让雅克，觉得他就在她的身边。（介词短语分译）,3. Once considered an art colony， Sansalito is now a chic enclave of boutiques and high-priced homes nestled in the hillsides.,索萨利托曾被认为是艺术的聚集地，可现在山坡上却到处是时装精品店和高级住宅，豪华漂亮。 (分词短语分译),3）句子分译,句子分译可以分为简单句的分译、并列句的分译、主从复合句的分译以及其他情况的分译。,（一）简单句的分译（根据情况，灵活处理）,1。Daybreak comes with thick mist and drizzle。,黎明时分，大雾弥漫，细雨蒙蒙。,2。A peasant and his family were working in a little field beneath the singing larks。,有个农民一家人正在一小块地里干活，头顶上云雀在歌唱。,3. A therapeutic mattress was installed for Kennedys bad back.,肯尼迪的背有毛病，所以为他准备了能起治疗作用的床垫。,4. In 1921 his mothers death was closely followed by that of his three-year-old daughter Marigold.,1921年他的母亲去世，紧接着他3岁的女儿玛丽戈尔德也死去。,（二）并列复合句的分译：常常在分句连接处加以切分，译成两个或两个以上的句子。,1。Helen March picked up the telephone seconds after the first ring and sounded puzzled when Alan asked for Jone.,电话铃响过了几秒钟之后，海伦玛奇拿起话筒。听到艾伦问起琼，她的声音流露起迷惑的语调。（在连词and处切分）,2. Latin must have been very laborious , even if you were brought up to it; but no doubt it gave the Romans, and the Greeks too, a fine and easy way of establishing their posthumous fame.,即使你从小就在拉丁语语言环境中长大，学起来你也定会感到吃力。然而，毫无疑问，拉丁语给古罗马人以及古希腊人开辟了一条使他们死后留名的绝妙便捷的途径。（在分号处切分）,3. I remember the cold night you brought in a pile of logs and a chipmunk jumped off as you lowered your arms.,我记得那个寒冷的夜里，你从外面抱进来一捆干柴。在你放下双臂时，一只金花鼠跳了下来。（在连词and处切分）,（三）主从复合句的分译：常在分句连接处加以切分，分译成两个或两个以上的句子。,1.White House officials have acknowledged during the past week that disclosure of the secret dealings was the latest and most serious in a number of recent issues that have raised broad questions about the administrations credibility.,在过去的一周中，白宫官员们承认，秘密交易的泄露是近来发生的一系列问题中最新最严重的一个。这些问题已使许多人对政府的信誉明显地产生了怀疑。（在that引导的从句前切分。）,2. In the course of my travels in America I have been impressed by a kind of fundamental malaise which seems to me extremely common and which poses difficult problems for the social reformer.,我在美国旅行期间，注意到了一种根深谛固的忧郁症。我觉得这种忧郁症似乎极其普遍，这给社会改革家出了难题。（在第一个which引导的从句前切分。）,3.The day of the big snow， when you had to shovel the walk and couldnt find your cap and asked me how to wind a towel so that it would stay on your head- you， in the white towel turban， like a crazy king of the snow.,那天下着大雪，你得去铲除道上的积雪。一时又找不到帽子，就问我怎样才能把毛巾裹在头上又不让它掉下来。那时的你，头上裹着白毛巾，简直像一个雪中古怪的国王。（在破折号处切分。）,有的长句的翻译需要根据意群的分布等具体情况来进行灵活处理.,1。Suddenly the door bursts open and the Time Traveler appears, dirty, disheveled, and bedraged,with a nasty cut on his chin.,突然，门猛然开了，时间旅行家出现。他十分肮脏，衣冠不整，满身是泥，下巴额被严重划伤。（在appear后切分）,2。The day before I was to leave I went walking across the river to the red mesa， where many times before I had gone to be alone with my thoughts.,临行前一天，我淌过河来到红石山下。我以前曾多次来过这里，独自遐想一番。（where 后为一意义单位，所以切分。）,3.Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs. 人类把自己和其他动物区别开来。与此同时，人类还具有观察和了解周围环境的能力，他们要么适应环境，要么控制环境，或根据自身的需要改造环境。人类就这样一代代地生存下来。,Three other techniques to translate the long sentences,Reversing(倒置法)： It means changing or adjusting the sentence structure thoroughly or partly in order to have translation arranged in harmony with the Chinese syntax.,And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born， and the kind of people am