J.C. Catford Translation Shifts,Catford Translation Shifts,The actual term shift was introduced by Catford(1965) in the field of translation. It means “ departure from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL.”,Level Shifts An SL item at a linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level. In theory there are 4 possible levels: grammar lexis phonology graphology BUT In practice the only possible shifts in translation are from grammar to lexis, or vice versa.,Level Shifts English Turkish Present perfect tense no equivalence (normally) I have finished my homework. devimi bitirdim (Nokta zaman verilmese de eylemin yapp Bitirildii sonucunu karrz ki “past tense“ kullanmna daha yakndr) devimi henz bitirdim. (Grld zere zaman zarf olan henz kullanm anlam “present perfect“ anlamna yaklatrmtr) In this way, the translation of a grammatical structure has been accomplished by the use of a word. There is a level shift from grammar to lexis here.,Category Shifts,Unbounded translation: A type of translation in which the translator is free to translate an SL grammatical unit of a certain size by a TL equivalent of a different size. (phrase by a word) example: SL: on the table masada Rank-bound translation Special cases where equivalence is deliberately limited to ranks, thus leading to bad translation. In rank-bound translation; an equivalent is sought in the TL: for each word, or for each morpheme encountered in the ST example: That girl went home O kz eve gitti.,Category Shifts are divided into four types: Structure-shifts, which involve a grammatical change between the structure of the ST and that of the TT. example: SL Text: TL Text: I love you (SVO) Seni Seviyorum (SOV) Class-shifts, when an SL item is translated with a TL item which belongs to a different grammatical class, i.e. a verb may be translated with a noun; example: gzel bir kz una chica linda (adj. + noun = pre-positional adj.) (noun + adj =post-positional adj.),Unit-shifts, which involve departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in SL at a different rank in TL. example: SL lexical item no TL equivalence, then translated by a phrase uyanmak wake up nachaltig for a long time Intra-system shifts, which occur when SL and TL possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system. example: Singular-plural system is common in Turkish and English BUT English Turkish advice tavsiyeler sheep koyunlar,QUESTIONS?,