毕业设计文献综述题 目： 立轴风力发电机 学生姓名： 李春鹏 学 号： 090501224 专 业： 机械设计制造及其自动化 指导教师： 刘恩福 2013 年2月 27日1、 摘要 风能利用技术的快速发展已使风能成为目前最重要的一种可再生资源。现有的风能转化系统大部分将风能通过风力机装置转化为机械能，然后通过电机转化为电能，通常风力机按风轮旋转轴在空间的方向，分为水平轴风力机（HorizontalAxis Wind Turbine 简称为 HAWT）和立轴风力机（Vertical Axis Wind Turbine 简称为 VAWT）两大类，达里厄型（Darrieus）风力机为立轴风力机的典型机型。立轴风力机由于其结构和气动性能的独特优势，越来越被人们重视。变速风力机可以在很大的风速范围内工作，而且能最大限度的捕获风能，提高风力发电机的效率，而成为当前该领域的研究热点。本文以大型变速立轴风力机为研究对象，风力机为典型的达里厄型风力机，直接驱动永磁同步电机发电。通过建立风力机气动性能评估模型、传动系统模型、电机以及控制系统的模型，并在 MATLAB/SIMULINK 进行仿真模拟，得到风力机在各种工况下的运行情况，并实现了最大风能追踪的算法。变速风力发电机提高了风能利用率，但增加了控制系统的难度，本文对最大风能追踪策略的理论进行分析研究。分析了达里厄型风力机的气动性能评估模型，该模型是基于叶素动量理论的双多流管模型，考虑了达里厄型风力机旋转时叶片对风轮下盘面流动干涉的特性，以及翼型动态失速、气动阻力的影响，对 1MW 达里厄型风力机进行计算分析，得到了该风力机的气动性能，如风力机在各风速下的气动转矩与转速的关系，以及在各风速下的气动功率与转速的关系，为仿真模拟提供基础。根据仿真的需要分别建立了风力机传动系统模型、永磁同步电机模型、最大功率跟踪算法等模型。永磁同步发电机在同步旋转轴下建立，并对同步电机的解耦控制做了分析，最大功率跟踪算法采用尖速比控制方法。最后在MATLAB/SIMULINK 中且搭建了整个系统的仿真模型，对 1MW 达里厄型风力机低风速气动、高风速刹车、额定风速下变风速运行等工况进行了仿真模拟。通过模拟得到风力机在各种工况下的运行情况，实现了最大风能追踪的算法，采用尖速比的控制方法追踪最大风能的效果显著，为进一步立轴风力发电机控制系统的设计提供依据。ABSTRACTThe rapid progress on wind energy conversion technology has made wind energy tobe one of the most important renewable and sustainable energy. Current wind energy conversion system translates the wind energy to mechanical energy by wind turbine, and then converts it to electricity by generator. According to the direction of the revolving shaft in space, wind turbine includes two types, one is horizontal axis wind turbine(HAWT for short), and the other is vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT for short), thevertical axis wind turbine is famous for Darrieus type. There has been growing attention to vertical axis wind turbine for its unique structural and aerodynamic advantages.As variable speed wind turbine works at larger ranger of wind speed, utilizes much more wind energy, Improve the efficiency of wind turbines. So it has become the hot topic in the field. This paper is basic on large variable speed vertical axis wind turbine.The wind turbine is Darrieus type, and it dives permanent magnet synchronous generator directly. Through establishment of aerodynamic performance evaluation model,dive-train model, generator and control system model, and simulating of the wind turbine system model in MATLAB/SIMULINK, we can obtain the performance of wind turbine in a variety of conditions, and achieve the algorithm of Maximum Power Point Tracking.Although variable speed wind turbine Improve the efficiency it Increase the difficulty of the control system. The Maximum Power Point Tracking control Strategy theory is analyzed in this paper. The aerodynamic performance evaluation model is established, its the double-disk multiple stream-tube model in the framework of blade element momentum theory, the airfoil dynamic stall effect and aerodynamic losses were included. we obtained the aerodynamic performance by calculating for the 1MW Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine, such as the relationship between aerodynamic torque and rotating speed at different wind speed, the relationship between aerodynamic power and rotating speed at different wind speed. It has provided a basis for the next simulation. The drive train model, permanent magnet synchronous generator model and Maximum Power Point Tracking model have been established. The generator model is established at synchronous rotating coordinate system. And we have analyzed the decoupling control of synchronous generator. The Maximum Power Point Tracking is based on tip speed ratio control method. Finally, the entire system model is establishedin MATLAB/SIMULINK. The starting at low wind speed, braking at high wind speed and operating at variable wind speed of 1MW vertical axis wind turbine have been simulated. The performance of the wind turbine is obtained during the simulating. The algorithm of Maximum Power Point Tracking is achieved. The use of tip speed ratio control method is Significant for Maximum Power Point Tracking. It has laid the foundation for further design of the vertical axis wind turbines control system.二、风力发电的发展现状 2.1 风力发电的发展现状从能量转换的角度看，风力发电机由两大部分组成，其一是风力机，它的功能是将风能转换为机械能；其二是发电机，它的功能是将机械能转换为电能。现有的风力机按风轮旋转轴在空间的方向，分为水平轴风力机（Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine 简称为 HAWT）和立轴风力机（Vertical Axis Wind Turbine 简称为 VAWT）两大类。水平轴风力机的结构特征是风轮的旋转平面与风向垂直，旋转轴和地面平行，如图1.1所示。水平轴风力机的主要有三部件组成，即风轮(包括叶片、轮毂等)、机舱(包括齿轮箱、电机、偏航装置等)和塔架及地基。风轮是风力机最主要的部件，由叶片和轮毂组成。叶片具有良好的空气动力外形，在气流作用下能在风轮上产生气动扭矩使风轮旋转，将风能转换成机械能，再通过齿轮箱增速，驱动发电机转变成电能，最后电机发出的电能通过变流并入电网。水平轴风力机又可分为两种：一种是为上风向风力发电机。风轮在塔架的前面迎风旋转迎风面的调整依靠尾翼；另一种是下风向风力发电机，它的风轮在塔架的后面，叶片的阻力可以保证迎风面的正确取向，但是风先经过塔架，再到风轮，会影响风力机出力，由于尾翼结构并不复杂，因此，目前大量生产的是上风向风力机。水平轴风力机是目前国内外研制最多，最常见的一种风力机，也是技术最成熟的一种风力机。其风轮叶片数一般为23 叶，叶片形状一般为翼形,该风轮启动力矩较大，风能利用系数高。 立轴风力机的特征是旋转轴与地面垂直，风轮的旋转平面与风向平行（如图1.2），立轴风力机叶轮的转动与风向无关，因此不需要像水平轴风力机那样采用迎风装置。立轴风力机最典型的是由与萨窝纽斯同时代的法国人达里厄(GJDarrieus)首创的 Darrieus 型风力机 根据风叶的形状，Darrieus 型风力机又有多型。如果按风力机叶片吸收风能方式划分，又可以分为阻力型风力机和升力型风力机。