the partys fine style, carry forward the traditional Chinese virtues, practicing the Socialist core values, vigorously carry forward the spirit of Jiao Yulu, Hongqi Canal spirit and spirit of persistence, honesty in politics, strict statesman, stick to the spiritual heights of the Communists. Four to devotion, as, do play a role in qualifying. Official Communist duty. To fulfill the partys purpose, maintain for the people themselves, and dedication, devotion, maintain pioneer, pioneering and enterprising spirit, active at the well-off extra practice, make contributions. The incentive function of party organizations at all levels should give full play to advanced models, establish a representative, advanced and typical of the times, and guide the broad masses of party members to emulate. In honor of the 95 anniversary of founding as an opportunity to award in recognition of a number of outstanding party members advanced grass-roots party organizations, outstanding party workers, and put the pioneer trees. Third, the reform efforts for example, be sure to change into. Learning to teachEducation in order to solve the problem, if it does not solve the problem, it will form, goes through the motions. To strengthen the consciousness of problems and insisted on problem-oriented, problem-solving learning education for traction, truly deep investigation into change, modification. A checked swing. Learning education programme for party-building in our city actually proposed to focus on solution of fuzzy ideals and beliefs waver, consciousness, purpose of the party weak sense, honesty and self-discipline awareness is not strong, depressed, six issues of ethical misconduct study contents specific programmes for all party members and leading cadres above the county level shall focus on further refinement to the problems. Specific to every party member and every cadre, also requires a combination of actual and controlled, focused and really put yourself in, people see things, see, with their own specific problems to learn Constitution Party rules, series, address, so precision to find the problem, laying a solid foundation for further corrective action. B to make change. For check put of problem, through established rectification Taiwan account, and take special supervision, and on account PIN, approach, insisted do side learn side modified, and that know that modified, while focused on put two learn a do learning education rectification with grasp party of mass line education practice activities and three strict three real topic education problem rectification combined up, consolidation expanded has made of rectification results, strongly corrected for officer not for, and Chi and endless corrected four wind, and regulation masses side of abuses, ensure work advance more powerful, and problem solution more completely. Third, we must consolidate our achievements. For more public, some party members who focus on the outstanding issues, combining concentrated 人教政治史全册教案 第一单元 古代中国的政治制度 第1课 夏商周的政治制度 一、夏商的政治制度约公元前2070年，禹正式建立了我国第一个王朝-夏。设问：此时的夏朝已经不是一个部落而是一个国家。为什么？（让学生思考回答）教师归纳总结：部落是按血缘结合在一起的；国家按地区来管理的，禹治水成功后，就把天下分为九州，派“九牧”去管理，这表明夏已具有国家的职能，而不是靠氏族的血缘关系来维系。还有一点值得同学们注意的就是：禹死之后，由他的儿子启以世袭制而不是“禅让制”的形式继承了王位。1.王位世袭取代禅让制设问：王位世袭取代禅让制，这是一种退步呢，还是一种社会的进步呢？为什么原因何在？传说中，禹一方面奉行“禅让”同时也积极培植儿子启的势力，禹死后，虽推举伯益为首领，但启凭借实力夺取了部落联盟首领的位置，从而结束了这种军事民主制的历史，此后王位世袭制确立，它通过“父死子继，兄终弟及”的形式，保持着王位在家族内部的承继，“家天下”的局面从此确立。奴隶社会是阶级社会的开始，它用“天下为家”的局面打破了原始社会的平等和无剥削压迫的“天下为公”的局面，但这是一个历史的进步。因为奴隶社会形态的出现是建立在生产力高于原始社会生产力发展水平的基础上。从夏朝开始就已经建立起从中央到地方的行政管理制度。2夏商的中央地方制度对于夏商的政治制度，可以引导学生课下去搜集有关夏商的官位及其职能的文献和考古资料来进一步了解夏商政治制度的特点。最后教师给学生概括指出：夏商时从中央到地方就已经建立起行政管理制度；最高的时国王，中央有相、卿士，地方封侯、伯，有臣属的方国。奴隶制的等级关系已初步确立。对后周的分封制和宗法制有直接影响。 二、西周的分封制 公元前1046年，武王发动了灭商的总攻击，纣王逃回王宫，自焚而亡，商朝灭亡。武王建立周王朝，定都镐京，历史上称为西周。设问：西周建立后，为什么要建立分封制度呢？西周政权刚刚建立不久，武王姬发即因病而亡，成王姬诵年幼即位，由其叔父周公姬旦摄政。当时，管叔、蔡叔、霍叔作为宗亲诸侯，被封于殷都周围监视殷商遗民，谓之“三监” 。他们不满周公摄政，勾结纣王之子武庚及东夷部族发动叛乱。周公毅然平定内乱、率部出师东征，西周政权才得以稳定。面对周初出现的内外叛乱，周公敏锐地意识到，没有一套完善的典章礼仪制度和宗法等级秩序，单靠武力征服或刑罚镇压是不能实现社会安定和国家大治的。为此，他主持进行大规模的立法活动，建立起一套典章礼仪制度与宗法等级秩序。 设问：分封制度到底是一项什么样的政治制度？主要内容及特点讲解分封制时，可以先给出学生以下两段材料：材料一 据史料记载，周武王病死后，子成王诵继立。成王年幼，武王弟周公旦辅政，而带兵驻守在殷都周围的管叔、蔡叔等贵族怀疑周公有夺取王位的意图，对周公极为不满，致使纣子武庚有机可乘，拉拢二叔，又联合东方的徐奄等部起兵反周，经过三年苦战，才被平定。战后，周公意识到分封势在必行，在“吊二叔之不咸”之余,“封建亲戚，以蕃屏周”。材料二 据史料记载，周初封建的诸侯，主要是同姓（姬姓）子弟；荀子儒效篇说：周公“兼制天下，立七十一国，姬姓独居五十三人。”左传昭公二十八年也说：“昔武王克商，光有天下，其兄弟之国者十有五人，姬姓之国者四十人，皆举亲也。”设问：从以上材料中可以看出实行分封制的目的是什么？又有什么特点哪？通过阅读材料，培养学生论从史出的习惯。最后教师指导学生观察课本提供西周分封形势图，得出以下认识：周朝对建国的元老、功臣、亲属和先世的后代等进行大分封。分封的目的是为了加强和巩固西周的统治，“封建亲戚，以蕃屏周”。封制”在周朝时期是周王室把疆域土地划分为诸侯的封建制度。分封的办法是把王畿(首都地区)以外的土地和人民分封给亲属、功臣、元老，建立起诸侯国，以镇守疆土，保卫王室。在“分封制”下，国家土地不完全是周王室的，而是分别由获得封地的诸侯所有，他们拥有分封土地的所有资源和收益，只需向周王室缴纳一定的进贡即可尽义务。诸侯与周王室的关系是：周天子是最高的统治者，诸侯是天子的臣属，必须服从周天子的命令，定期朝见天子，并向天子纳贡，带兵随天子作战。诸侯国像屏障一样拱守在周王室周围，和睦四方，安天下。周初，从武王到成王共分封大小71个诸侯国。其中主要有(教师挂图，并指出主要诸侯国的位置)：在东方分封了鲁、齐等国；在北方分封了燕等国；在南方分封了吴、楚等国；在中原分封了郑、晋