Mass Media Reading,Course Information,Aims of the course,Give a systematic understanding of the features of news English reading. Offer an insight into the latest international news focus .,Testing and Evaluation,Hard news / soft news,按照事件的性质分类，新闻可分为“硬新闻（hard news）和“软新闻”（soft news）两大类; 硬新闻也就是“纯新闻消息报道”，指题材严肃，具有一定时效性的客观事实报道； 软新闻是指情感味浓，写作方法诙谐，轻松幽默的社会新闻，不注重时效性。 新闻英语中常见的体裁主要有三大类：消息（news）、特写（features）和新闻评论（commentaries and columns）。,新闻写作由于记者写作风格不同，文体结构无定格。但大体上说新闻文体的主体结构是由标题、导语、正文三部分组成。 标题（headline）：浓缩概括全文的中心实质问题。 导语（1ead）：通常为文章的第一段。文章的第一段提供主要话题和最主要的事实。 正文（body）：在导语的基础上，引入更多的与主题相关的事实，使之更加详实、具体，并展开评论，进而得出结论。,News Lead,Introduction,News story is aimed at transmitting the latest information with rapidly and accuracy. Its structure is quite different from that of literary works. News reporters organize news stories exactly opposite from the way fiction writers organize short stories.,Introduction,A short story writer will typically tell his tale in a manner similar to how it actually occurred. He will probably organize the story in the same way that it happened in time, from beginning to end or climax. He will likely begin with the minor facts and build his story to the climax. Here is a diagram of the organization of the typical short story.,Introduction,Introduction,Facts,Climax,Short story Structure,Introduction,Lead or Climax,Important Facts,Unimportant Facts,Short story Structure of Inverted pyramid,Introduction,Lead or Climax,Important Facts,Unimportant Facts,Short story Structure of Inverted pyramid,美国的新闻学大师Melvin Mencher把导语分成两种基本类型：直接式导语与延迟式导语。直接式导语在文章开头直接告诉读者最重要的信息，通常用于突发新闻的写作。延迟式导语通过暗示的手法吸引受众阅读正文，通常用于特稿的写作。 他还认为，在内容上，导语需要满足两个要求，一是抓住基本事实，二是吸引读者在此文停留片刻； 在形式上，好的导语通常只包含一个中心意思，只包含一个主谓宾结构，并且不超过35个单词。 导语写作不超过35个单词的要求可能也只适用于消息写作，新闻导语的写作在本质上强调直入主题，但这并非说所有的导语都只能是千篇一律的“开门见山”。美英报刊所载文章的导语的确演绎了多样的精彩，或许对我们的导语写作有所助益。,新闻导语(news lead) 位于第一段或第一、二段。通过它点出新闻的主题，这是消息类新闻文体区别于其它文体的一个重要特征。 新闻的开头，用最简明扼要的文字，写出消息中最重要、最新鲜、最吸引人的事实，或是新闻事实中最主要的思想及意义，以便读者迅速了解主要内容，并吸引他们进一步读完全篇。,牵引主题的作用，使读者看了导语就知道这条消息的大体信息，从而引出主题以及阐述这个主题的主体。 逗引读者的阅读兴趣，使读者在阅读导语的过程中，产生阅读兴趣，情不自禁地把新闻读下去。,Function,Classification,从新闻内容的展开方式上分类: 直接式导语(direct lead) -概括性导语（summary lead） -主要事实导语（main-fact lead） 延缓式导语(delayed lead) -描写式导语(descriptive lead)- detail -引语式导语(quote lead)- like “” said sb. -悬念式导语 (suspense lead) give an answer later -人称式导语（personal lead）or 直呼式导语 （Direct-address lead） use “you” or “I” -问句式导语（Question lead) -对比式导语（Contrast lead） -轶事式导语(anecdotal lead),Features of News Lead News leads refer to the beginning paragraphs of a news report, delivering the most important or relevant information of a news event. The lead is the most distinctive feature of news discourse.,News lead often includes six elements of journalism, which are what, when, who, where, why and how (time, location, participants, event or action and circumstances).,Eleven people were killed and four missing yesterday after Typhoon Chanchu pummelled Guangdong and Fujian Provinces. （China Daily, May 19, 2006） Who （eleven people and four ) Why (Typhoon Chanchu) When (yesterday) Where (Guangdong and Fujian Provinces) How （eleven people were killed and four missing）,A lead is the key to any successful story. It is an invitation and it also must be appropriate for the news and clear to readers. Lead might contain only one sentence or two or more. A lead should be as economical as possible in wording while providing information as rich as possible.,Classification of News Lead 1. Direct lead which tells the most important elements of news directly to the readers. 2. Delayed lead freely applies literary methods to arouse the interest of readers rather than the timeliness of an event.,Direct Lead Direct lead which is often used in hard news, also called summary lead, reveals immediately what the story is about. It is the summary or statement of the most important facts contained in the story. It is the climax, the result of the investigation,the theme.,It usually contains one sentence, but sometimes two. It answers immediately, in almost thirty - five words or less, the main questions of who, what, when, where. It is used at the top of most stories. The best direct leads start with a compelling noun and a strong verb, not with a prepositional phrase.,Direct lead the simplest and most common style,It should: - a single paragraph of a single sentence - no more than 30 words - Summarize most newsworthy info. - i.e. “what”, “where” and “when” of the news (sometimes also “why” and “how”, only if theres room) e.g.: Fire destroyed a house on Main Street early Monday morning. w what: Fire destroyed a house w where: on Main Street w when: early Monday morning,If there is more space The lead should summarize the “why” and “how” (also “who” if it is involved in the story) E.g.: An elderly man died early Monday morning when fire sparked by faulty wiring raged through his Main Street home. who: An elderly man why: fireraged through h