隐喻与翻译Metaphor and TranslationAbstract Translation, as a tool for the communication of cultures, transfers the cognition of the source language into the target language, and translation of metaphor has became a controversy receiving more and more attentions. This paper introduces the English and the Chinese metaphor in details. In the beginning, different definitions of English metaphor are quoted from authorities. Then the construction of English metaphor and three basic components, the tenor, the vehicle and the ground, are introduced, followed by the four basic structure patterns. Different classifications of metaphor are appreciated and studied at the different levels. From the angle of rhetoric effect, the live metaphor and the dead metaphor are classified in the first type, and from Newmarks view, four categories are classified, and finally four categories can be sorted out according to the emergence of metaphors three components. At the level of cognition three categories are introduced form Lakoffs classification. Then Chinese metaphor is analyzed in the same way, so the contrast and comparison are apparently made. Based on that, the obstacles which may exist in the translation of metaphor are probed into, that is, the study of the origin of the obstaclesculture clash, including the differences of the living environment and history, tradition and custom, classical tales and literary works, religion and so on. At last, the standard and the skills of the translation of metaphor are discussed.Key words：metaphor; translation; the source language; the target language; culture clash【摘要】：翻译是将一种文化中的语言所表现的认知方式用目的语传递到目的语的文化中去，而隐喻的翻译已经开始成为研究翻译方向里的重点和难点之一。本文详细介绍英语隐喻和汉语隐喻，首先在概念上引用权威的定义和诠释，接着从结构特征上下手分析英语隐喻的基本构成成分，即：本体、喻体、喻底。由此引出英语隐喻的三大基本句型。在分类上, 首先从修辞效果的角度进行论证，将其分成活隐喻和死隐喻两大类；引用Mark的观点分成四类进行分析特点；根据隐喻的三大成分之间的关系，隐喻又可分成四种情况。接着，从认知层面上，总结分析Lakoff的观点中有利于理解隐喻特点的结构隐喻，实体隐喻，方位隐喻。接着本文对汉语隐喻和英语隐喻形作一比较，指出在语言上的目标和功能作用成为英语隐喻和汉语隐喻最大的共同点。在此基础之上，分析了在隐喻翻译过程中会遇上的拦路虎，并深入到产生翻译障碍的根本原因文化差异，包括地理和历史，传统习俗因，宗教信仰，经典传说和文学作品等其它因素。最后，探述了隐喻翻译的标准和基本原则，综合英、汉隐喻的特点和文化因素，讨论了几种隐喻翻译的技巧和方法。【关键词】隐喻；翻译；原语；目的语；文化冲突 IntroductionMetaphor, mentioned by Lakoff G & Johnson in Metaphors We Live By, is pervasive in our daily life, happens not only in humans language but also in humans thinking and behavior.P The utilization of metaphors is very frequent, and practically it is highly valuable to study linguistic metaphor. In resent years, metaphors in translation are studied mostly in the field of poetry, literature and rhetoric. For the differences between Chinese, which is regarded as a contextual language, and English that has its advantages, it is very important to find ways to achieve the equivalent effect of source language when they are translated into the target language. There are some examples. （） Were I in her place, it seems to me I should wish the earth to open and swallow me up. （ Jane Eyre Chapter ）我若是她，会恨不得立刻在地上挖个洞，钻进去（） He did not win the first prize; he is just pulling your leg.他并没有获得第一名，只不过和你开个玩笑罢了.（） 孩子是张大妈从小一把屎一把尿待弄出来的,像亲生儿子一样,孩子也把张大妈当作亲妈,冷丁一下子把娘俩拆开,孩子能受得了吗？She had nursed him ever since he was a small baby and loved him as her own; and the child, too, regarded her as his own mother. What would happen to him if he was taken away from her.P （） 每个人生活都有苦有甜. Every life has its roses and thorns.The above four examples show the metaphorical expressions in the two languages and the beauties in translation. Comparison between English metaphor and Chinese metaphor will help to strengthen our understanding of the essence of language, and the culture differences which could be traced back behind the phenomenon of language, both of which serve to probe into the art of translation; Therefore, in one sense, it is highly valuable to combine the study of comparison and contrast between English metaphor and Chinese metaphor, the culture differences and translation skills into a whole English metaphorMetaphor is a figurative phenomenon, an important tool in language communication; whats more, it has a closed relationship with many subjects,P such as Literature, Aesthetics, Sociology, Philosophy, Logic and so on, for metaphor can permeate into ones subjective thinking and concept of aesthetic. Ones personality, including philosophy, culture, standard of aesthetics and so on, will be reflected through the metaphor one uses. Therefore, metaphor should be studied from a more profound and higher level. Authoritative DefinitionVarious definition of metaphor have been proposed and some of them are quoted below.i ） metaphor：（example of the） use of a word or phrase to indicate something different from （thought related in some way to） the literal meaning, as in Ill make him eat his words or she has a heart of stone. （ Oxford Advanced Learners EnglishChinese Diction the fourth edition ）ii） metaphor：a way of describing something by comparing it to something else th