中 英文资料 外文翻 译文献EXTENDING BEARING LIFEAbstract：Nature works hard to destroy bearings, but their chances of survival can be improved by following a few simple guidelines. Extreme neglect in a bearing leads to overheating and possibly seizure or, at worst, an explosion. But even a failed bearing leaves clues as to what went wrong. After a little detective work, action can be taken to avoid a repeat performance.Keywords: bearingsfailureslifeBearings fail for a number of reasons，but the most common are misapplication， contamination，improper lubricant，shipping or handling damage，and misalignment. The problem is often not difficult todiagnose because a failed bearing usually leaves telltale signs about what went wrongHowever，while a postmortem yields good information ， it is better to avoid the process altogether by specifying the bearing correctly in The first placeTo do this， it is useful to review the manufacturers sizing guidelines and operating characteristics for theselected bearing.Equally critical is a study of requirements for noise, torque, and runout, as well as possible exposure to contaminants, hostile liquids, and temperature extremes. This can provide further clues as to whether a bearing is right for a job.1 Why bearings failAbout 40% of ball bearing failures are caused by contamination from dust, dirt, shavings, and corrosion. Contamination also causes torque and noise problems, and is often the result of improper handling or the application environment Fortunately, a bearingfailure caused by environment or handling contamination is preventable， and a simplevisual examination can easily identify the causeConducting a postmortem il1ustrates what to look for on a failed or failing bearingThen，understanding the mechanism behind the failure, such as brinelling or fatigue, helps eliminate the source of the problem.Brinelling is one type of bearing failure easily avoided by proper handing and1assembly. It is characterized by indentations in the bearing raceway caused by shock loadingsuch as when a bearing is dropped-or incorrect assembly. Brinelling usually occurs when loads exceed the material yield point(350,000 psi in SAE 52100 chrome steel)It may also be caused by improper assembly, Which places a load across the races Raceway dents also produce nois，e vibration，and increased torque.A similar defect is a pattern of ellipticaldents caused by balls vibrating betweenraceways while the bearing is not turningThis problem is called false brinelling. It occurs on equipment in transit or that vibrates when not in operation. In addition, debris created by false brinellingacts likean abrasive, further contaminating the bearing. Unlike brinelling, false binelling is often indicated by a reddish color from fretting corrosion in the lubricant.False brinelling is prevented by eliminating vibration sources and keeping the bearing well lubricated. Isolation pads on the equipment or a separate foundation may be required to reduce environmental vibration. Also a light preload on the bearing helps keep the balls and raceway in tight contact. Preloading also helps prevent false brinelling during transit.Seizures can be caused by a lack of internal clearance, improper lubrication, or excessive loading. Before seizing, excessive, friction and heat softens the bearing steel.Overheated bearings often change colo，r usually to blue-black or straw colored Frictionalso causes stress in the retain，er which can break and hasten bearing failurePremature material fatigue is caused by a high load or excessive preloadWhen these conditions are unavoidable， bearing life should be carefully calculated so that a maintenance scheme can be worked outAnother solution for fighting premature fatigue is changing material When standardbearing materials，such as 440C or SAE 52100，do not guarantee sufficient life，specialty materials can be recommended. In addition，when the problem is traced back to excessive loading，a higher capacity bearing or different configuration may be usedCreep is less common than premature fatigue In bearings it is caused by excessiveclearance between bore and shaft that allows the bore to rotate on the shaft Creep can be expensive because it causes damage to other components in addition to the bearing0ther more likely creep indicators are scratche，s scuff marks，or discoloration to shaftand boreTo prevent creep damage，the bearing housing and shaft fittings should be visually checkedMisalignment is related to creep in that it is mounting related If races are misaligned or cockedThe balls track in a noncircumferencial pathThe problem is incorrect mounting or tolerancing，or insufficient squareness of the bearing mounting siteMisalignment of more than 1/4cancause an early failure2Contaminated lubricantis often more difficultto detect than misalignment or creepContamination shows as premature wearSolid contaminants