Word文档下载后（可任意编辑） 12月英语六级考试试题答案第三套4英语六级真题试卷：12月英语六级考试试题答案第三套4 大学英语六级考试课程 Section B Directions: in this section, you angoing to read a passage with ten statements attached to it each statementcontains information given in ine of the paragraphs.identify theparagraph fromwhich the information is derived. you may choose a paragraph more than once.each paragraph is marked with a letter. answer the questions by marking thecorrespanding letter on answer sheet 2 Data sharing: an open mind on open data A it is a movement building steadymomentum: a call to make research data, software code and experimental metbodspublicly availablc and transparent A spirit of openness is gaining acceptancein the science community, and is the only way, say advocates, to address acrisisin science whereby too few findings are successfully reproduced. furthermore,they say, it is the best way for researchers to gather the range ofobservations that are necessary to speed up discoveries or to identifylarge-scale trends b the open-data shift poses aconfusing problem for junior researchers,on the one hand, the drive to share isgathering official steam. since 2013, global scientific bodies have begun tothat support increased public access to research on the other hand, scientistsdisagree about how much and when they should share data, and they debatewhether sharing it is more likely to accelerate science and make it morerobust, or to introduce vulnerabilities and problems. as more joumals and fundersadopt data-sharing requirements, and as a growing number of enthusiasts callfor more openness.junior researchers must find their place between adopters andthose who continue to hold out, even as they strive to launch their owncareers. ( c) one key challenge facing youngscientists is how to be open without becoming scientifically vulnerable. theymust determine the risk of jeopardizing a job offer or a collaboration proposalfrom those who are wary of -or unfamiliar with -open science. and they mustlearn how to capitalize on the movements benefits, such as opportunities formore citations and a way to build a reputation without the need forconventional metrics, such as publication in high-impact journals. D some fields have embraced open datamore than others. researchers in psychology, a field rocked by findings ofirreproducibility in the past few years, have been especially vocal supportersof the drive for more-open science. a few psychology journals have createdincentives to increase interest in reproducible science-for example, byaffixing an badge to articles that clearly state where data areavailable. according to social psychologist brian nosek, executive director of the center foropen science, the average data-sharing rate for the joumal Psychologicalscience, which uses the badges, increased tenfold to 38% from 2013 to 2015. E funders, too, are increasinglyadopting an open-data policy several strongly encourage,and some require adata-management plan that makes data available. the ional scienc Foundation isamong these. some philanthropic()funders, including the bill melindaGates foundation in seattle, washington, and the wellcome trust in london, alsomandate open data from their grant recipients. F but many youngrescarchers,especially those who have not been mentored in open science areuncertain about whether to share or to stay private. graduate students and whooften are working on their lab heads grant, may have no choice if theirsupervisor or another senior colleague opposes sharing. G some fear that the potential impactof sharing is too high, especially at the early stages of a careerEverybody has a story about soneone getting scoopedsays New Yorkuniversity astronomer david hogg. those fears may be a factor in a lingeringhesitation to share data even when publishing in journals that mandate it. H researchers at small labs or atinstitutions focused on teaching arguably have the most to lose.when sharinghard-won data. with my institution and teaching load, i dont havepostdocs and grad students, says terry mcglynn, a tropical biologist atcalifornia state university,Dominguez hills. the stakes are higher for meto share data because its a bigger fraction of whats happening in mylab. I researchers also point to the timesink that is involved in preparing data for others to view Once the data andassociated materials appear in a repository(存储库),answering questions and handling complaints can take many hour. J the time investment can presentother problems. in some cases, says data scientist karthik Ram, it may bedifficult for junior researchers to embrace openness when senior colleaguesmany of whom head selection and promotion committees-might ridicule what theymay view as misplaced energies i have heard this recently that embracing theidea of open data and code makes traditional academics uncomfortable,says ram. the concem