精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上一、选择题 15%二、T/F 15%三、概念解释 4题 20%四、简答题 30%五、语言现象分析 20%TG grammar，bond morpheme, sentence relation1. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.2. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.3. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language. It can not be used alone.4. A word is a meaningful grammatical language unit which can be used by its own.5. Lexicon refers to all the words or mental words that a speaker knows.6. Compound refers to the way of forming new words by stringing words together in certain manner.7. An allomorph is any the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.8. The major branches of linguistics ? 写出五大分支：语音学/音位学/形态学/句法学/语用学Phonetics语音学is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.Phonology音位学 is the study of sound patterns in human languageMorphology形态学 is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words. Syntax句法学 is the study of rules that govern the grammatical formation of sentences.Pragmatics语用学 is the study of how language is used in actual communication.Semantics语义学 is the study of language meaning.Lexicology词汇学is the study of words and phrases.9. distinctions in linguistics :1) prescriptive规定性，提供说话的规范/descriptive描述性，关心人们的说话方式而不是规定该怎么说 modern linguistics is mostly descriptive2) synchronic共时性研究/ diachronic历时性研究（几个时段一起研究）modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, because it focus on studying a language at some point of time in history. 在特定的一个时期3) speech口语 / writing书面语 (two major media of communication)speech is prior to writing 原因：from the point of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing ; speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed ; speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother language.4) langue语言 / parole言语(说话的最终方式）langue refers to the abstract linguistic system ; parole focuses on the realization of language in actual use.5) competence语言能力 / performance语言运用6) traditional grammar传统语法 / modern linguistics现代语言学3个区别：modern linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive ; modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary while traditional grammar emphasizes on written words ; modern linguistics does not force language into a Latin-based framework.10. Design features of language 5个特点，语言与动物交流区分1）arbitrariness任意性 （means that the symbols used in human language is arbitrary. there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. it is not entirely arbitrary. some compound words are also not arbitrary.2) productivity创造性：language is productive or creative3) duality双重结构: language consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.4) displacement不受时空限制 language can be used to refer contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speakers.5) cultural transmission文化传递（文化基因）people were born with the ability to acquire language.(是具有学习能力而不是生来就能使用语言)11. functions of language根据tripartite framework分为3个 1) descriptive function2) expressive function3) social function根据美籍俄人Jacobsons model 分6类 言语活动的6个主要功能1) emotive : express the attitude2) conative : The addresser aims to influence the addressees thoughts or actions意动功能，影响听话人的行为3) referential : convey a message or information 所指功能，传递信息4) poetic : display the beauty of language itself 组诗功能，表现语言本身的美5) phatic communion : establish or maintain interpersonal relationships. 寒暄功能，用于维系人际关系6) metalinguistic ： use language to make clear the meaning of language itself. 元语言功能12. three branches of phonetics语音学： articulatory phonetics发音语音学: studies the speech sounds from the speakers point of viewauditory phonetics听觉语音学:studies the hearers point of viewacoustic phonestic声学语言学: studies the sound waves13. IPA International Phonetic Alphabet 国际音标vowel元音20个，其中单元音12个，双元音8个 consonants辅音28个辅音按manner of obstruction分为6个：stops/fricatives/affricates/liquids/nasals/glides按place of obstruction分为7个：bilabial/labiodental/dental/alveolar/palatal/velar/glottal14. broad transcription宽式标音法（一个字母表一个音）narrow transcription严式标音法（加符号表示不同）broad transcription using one letter to represent one sound.narrow transcription adding diacritics to the letter symbols to show difference.15. phonemic contrast 音位对立，如/p/ 与 /b/16. minimal pairs 最小对立位，在同一位置上的两个不同音位when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same position in the stings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.17. phonology音位学规则： sequential rule 顺序规则：rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular languageassimilation rule同化规则：copying a feature of a sequential phonemedeletion rule 省略规则：a sound is to be deleted although it is represented.18. suprasegmental features超切分手段3个： stress重音 The shift of word stress may change the part of speech of words of the