英语教学的跨文化途径陕西师范大学张京鱼教授CultureinTeachingEnglishasaL2 Culturereferstodistinctlydifferentdomainsofpeopleslives. Visibleculture Literature,thearts,thearchitectureandthehistory; Stylesofdress,cuisine,customs,festivalsandothertraditions; Invisibleculture Socio-culturalnorms,world-views,beliefs,assumptions,andvaluesystemsthatfindtheirwayintopracticallyallfacetsoflanguageuse.InterculturalapproachtoEnglishTeaching Communicativecompetencetosocio-culturalcompetence Definitionsofculturedealwithformsofspeechacts,rhetoricalstructureoftexts,socio-culturalbehaviors,andwaysinwhichknowledgeistransmittedandobtained. Tobecomeproficientandeffectivecommunicators,L2learnersneedtoattainL2socio-culturalcompetence.Interculturalcompetence Politenessvsappropriateness Socio-culturalnorms Howareyou(doing)? Howisitgoing? Whatsup? WhatareyourviewsonCrazyEnglish?CulturalDifferences Chopsticksvsforksandknifes Titlesvsprofession:?TeacherZhangvsProf/Dr.Zhang Shifu(Master/Teacher)vsSir/Madame Haveyoueatenyet?VsHowareyou? Names：first-lastvssurname-personalN 123vs一、二、三，vstitleNoticing Openthedoor! Openthedoor,willyou? Canyouopenthedoor,please? Wouldyouopenthedoor? Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor? Whimperatives CallmesometimevscallmeonTuesday. LetsgettogethersometimevsLetshavelunchonFriday. CallmeifyouhaveanyquestionsvsCallmeanytime. Doyouhaveanyquestions(itisnowtimetoaskquestions,ifyouhavethem)vsIwillbehappytoanswerallyourquestionsduringmyofficehours（pleasedonotaskmeanyquestionnowbutcometomyofficeatthedesignatedtime.CausativeConstructions a.Shalamadehersuncleanthebike. b.Shalahadhersuncleanthebike. c.Tomgothismothertobuyhimanewbike. XmadeYdoZ. Impliestheactionwasnotperformedwillingly. Thecauseeispassiveorsubmissive. Thecauseethoughtheorshehadtodoit. XforcedYtodoZ. XhadYdoZ AhierarchicalrelationbetweenXandY, Doesnotimplythatthecauseedidntwanttodoit,northecauseehadtodoit.Grandmamademeeatfish.Grandmahadmereturnthefishtotheshop. XgotYtodoZ Impliesthatthecauseesdosomethingnotbecausetheywanttodoitbutbecausesbelsewantsthemtodoit. Theactionisnotimposedonthecauseebyvirtueofthecauserspower/authority. Thecauserrealizesthatthecauseemaynotwanttocomply,sohe/shedoes(typicallysays)somethingintheexpectationthatthiswillinfluencethecauseeswillandthatasaresultthecauseewilldothedesiredresultwillingly. LinguisticFormpragmaticfunction(socio-culturalpurpose/goalofspeechacts,suchasrequests,apologies,compliments,andcomplaints) GivemeapennyvscouldyougivemeapennyvsCanyousparemeapenny? LinguisticformvsPoliteness Iwanttomakeanappointmentfor3oclock. Iwouldliketomakeanappointmentfor3oclock. May/CouldImakeanappointmentfor3oclock?APrivateConversationLastweekIwenttothetheatre.Ihadaverygoodseat.Theplaywasveryinteresting.Ididnotenjoyit.Ayoungmanandayoungwomanweresittingbehindme.Theyweretalkingloudly.Igotveryangry.Icouldnotheartheactors.Iturnedround.Ilookedatthemanandthewomanangrily.Theydidnotpayanyattention.Intheend,Icouldnotbearit.Iturnedroundagain.Icanthearaword!Isaidangrily.Itsnoneofyourbusiness,theyoungmansaidrudely.Thisisaprivateconversation! Isitreallyaprivateconversation? Is“aprivateconversation”agoodtitle?Whyorwhynot? Whoisbeingimpolite,thenarratorortheyoungman? Howwouldthestoryend? Ifyouwerethestoryteller,orthenarrator,whatwouldyoudo/say? Whatmessagecanwegetfromthestory?TheatreSchemaTheater:apublicplace,implicitrule:Quietnessisrequired.Itisnotaprivateplacelikehomewhereonecanenjoymuchfreedom.Languageisambiguous:“Icanthearaword!”Unmarkedfunction:Arequestforloudness.MarkedFunction:ArequestforquietnessTheatreSchema:Politebehavior,quietnessRude/impolitebehavior:talkingloudlyWhatisthestoryabout?SummarizingskillItisaboutaverbalfightoramiscommunicationcausedbytheambiguousnatureoflanguage.Whatisthecauseoftheverbalfight?Thecauseoftheverbalfightissomerudebehaviorinthetheatre.Whatistherudebehaviorinthestory?Therudebehaviorinthestoryiscontinuingloudtalkinginatheatrebyayoungcouplesittingbehindthewriter.Whatisthecauseofthemiscommunicationexpressedinthestory?Themiscommunicationstemsfromtheambiguityoflanguage.Whydoyousayso?“Icanthearaword”meansacomplaintaswellasarequest.Itexpressesconflictingcomplaints(tooloudavoicevstoolowavoice)andrequests.SpeechActTheory Icanthearaword. SpeechactA:Arequestforaloudervoice. A:AsimpleREQUEST(PRAGMATICFUNCTION/MEANING:LOUDERPLEASE!) Commonality:Thevoiceistoolow. Thecomplaintconcernsaboutthevolumeofthevoice.Aistheunmarked/general-casemeaning. SpeechactB:Arequestforquietness. B:ACOMPLAINTANDAREQUEST(Bequiet/Stoptalking/shutup). Thecomplaintconcernssomerude/badbehaviorinatheatre.Bisthemarked/specialcasemeaning.Politebehaviorsinatheatre Rudebehavior:Loudtalking Inappropriateresponse: Narratorsresponse:anangrylookplusanangryremark:Icanthearaword. Whatisthevolumeofthisangryremark? ItcouldbeinferredthatthenarratorsvoiceisloudbecausehesaiditANGRILY. Isthisagoodbehavior? ProbablyNOT.Whoisbeingimpolite? Thedesiredresult:theywouldstoptalkingimmediately. Howcouldyouachieveit? Manydifferentways:Whatthenarratordidisonlyoneofthem. Howwouldyourespondifyouwerethenarrator? Leaveth