英语的动词时态（四）（总第十课时）第一部分：课前预习请同学们读下列句子并说出划线部分的谓语动词是什么时态，然后用动词write仿照句子。1. He said he would do his homework the next day 2. He said he had done his homework 第二部分：教学过程概念 ：一）过去将来时的用法：过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将来要看发生的动作或存在的状态。具体分为：1主句为过去时，宾语从句常表示将要发生的事情。如： Nobody knew what would happen after a hundred years. We didnt know whether she was going to speak at the meeting. 我们不知道她是否准备在会上发言。2在叙述过去的事情或事情发生的经过时，用过去将来时表示在当时看将来会发生的事。如：It was a Saturday afternoon. A young man named George had just left school. He was going to start to work the following week, so he decided to buy some new clothes and a new pair of shoes.一个星期六的下午，一位名叫乔治的年轻人刚离开学校。因为他准备下周开始工作，所以，决定买些新衣服和一双新鞋子。二）过去完成时表示发生在过去的动作对过去晚些时候造成的影响或结果过去某一动作一直持续到过去晚些时候将来可能还要延续。发生在前的那个动作【过去的过去】 过去完成时表示动作发生在过去的过去。 He said he had been to Beijing twice. 他说他已经去过北京两次。（因为“说”said就是过去式，而去北京的动作发生在说said 的过去，所以用过去完成时。 过去完成时常用的时间状语有1. by the end of;2. By the time sb. +动词过去式By the end of last term, we had learned 5000 new words. The bus had already left by the time I got there.（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 例如： By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. （2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。 例如： I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 例如： Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。 （4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 例如： I returned the book that I had borrowed. She found the key that she had lost. （5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 例如： He said that he had known her well. I thought I had sent the letter a week before. （6） 状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的 例如： When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. She didnt go to bed until she had finished her work. 注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为 这 时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. （7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。 例如： They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. We had hoped to be able to come and see you . （8）过去完成时还可用在hardlywhen, no soonerthan, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)等固定句型中。 例如：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 时间状语 before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no soonerthan，yet，already等。 过去完成进行时与过去完成时的用法很相近，它通常表示某个过去正在进行的动作或状态，持续到过去某个时刻，还未完成，一直持续到之后的当前才结束用于以下场合：1）尚未完成： He had been writing the novel（He had not finished it yet） 2）企图： He had been studying the meaning of this proverb（He was trying to study it） 3）未得结果： We had been studying what our enemy had said（But we were not able to understand it） 4）最近情况： He had been quarrelling with his wife（lately） 5）反复动作： He had been asking me the same question（Many times） 6）情绪： What had he been doing？（不耐烦）过去完成时-语法判定一过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。 比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） 二、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。 比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。 She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.1). 单项选择1He asked me _ during the summer holidays.A. where I had been B. where I had gone C. where had I been D. where had I gone 2. What _ Jane _ by the time he was sever?A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done3. I _ 900 English words by the time I was ten。A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt4. She _lived