备战考试|千锤百练语法复习专题一名词一、考点聚焦1.可数名词单、复数变化形式1规那么变化。单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy boys, pen pens。以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如：glass glasses,box boxes, watch watches, brush brushes。特例：stomach stomaches。以“辅音字母 + y结尾的变“y为“i再加“-es。如：baby babies, lady ladies, fly flies。以“o结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato tomatoes, potato potatoes, hero heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和局部外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。 如：radio radios, zoo zoos, photo photos, piano pianos, kilo kilos, tobacco tobaccos。 以“f或“fe结尾的名词复数形式变“f或“fe为“v，之后再加-es。如：wife wives, life lives, knife knives, wolf wolves, self selves, leaf leaves等。特例：handkerchief handkerchiefs, roof roofs, chief chiefs, gulf gulfs, belief beliefs, cliff cliffs。改变元音字母的。如：man men, mouse mice, foot feet,woman women, tooth teeth, goose geese, ox oxen。特例：child children。复合名词的复数形式。A在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如：armchair armchairs, bookcase bookcases, bookstore book-stores。Bman和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。如：man doctor men doctors, woman driver women dri-vers。C与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词局部加-s。如：brother-in-law brothers-in-law, passer-by passers-by。 有的名词有两种复数形式。如：zero zeros 、zeroes, deer deers 、deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：pence便士的钱数，pennies(便士的枚数)。2不规那么变化。单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,Japanese, sheep, works工厂,cattle。合成名词的复数。如：boy-friend boy-friends, go-between go-betweens(中间人)，grown-up grown-ups。有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物,wages工资，riches财富, surroundings环境，ashes灰尘, campasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give ones regards to sb.向某人问侯，in rags衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people, cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多指整体；The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了个体。2、不可数名词的数1一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：抽象名词不可数 具体化个体名词，可数名词in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)win honor赢得荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure失败者失败是成功之母。by experience靠经历 an experience一次经历youth青春 a youth一个青年人have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me?It is waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。如：物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些饮料, a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料，his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。have breakfast The road is covered with snow.have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.Time and tide wait for no man.We had a wonderful time last night.(3)有复数形式的不可数名词有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如：Use your brains, please.They have smoothed away the difficulties.Have you made preparations for tomorrows meeting?Many thanks for your kindness.No pains, no gains.After many failures, they finally succeeded.有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：The boy burst into tears at the bad news.The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.3.名词所有格1“s所有格的特殊表示形式有： 用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：todays newspaper, five minutes walk(drive),five pounds weight, ten dollars worth of coffee。用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the earths planet, the words population, Chinas industry, New Yorks parks。2“of所有格的特殊表示方式有：表示“局部时，一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词a、two、several、some、no、many等，如：Some students of Mister Zhangs have gone to college.张教师的一些学生已经上大学了。表示“其中之一，其中一局部的意思时，用：a friend of Toms汤姆的一个朋友许多朋友中的一位。表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，应该用：that/this/these/those + 名词单、复数of Marys/yours/his/hers。如：That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项创造是属于全世界的表赞赏。4、名词作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。1分类意义。air pollution 空气污染 boy friend男朋友coffee cup咖啡杯 income tax所得税tennis ball网球 song writer歌曲作家body language身体语言 road accident交通事故Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖 2时间、地点、称呼等。Doctor Jack杰克医生 Professor Li李教授evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠street dance 街舞 country music乡村音乐village people村民 school education学校教育 China problem中国问题3表目的、手段、来源，所属意义。reception desk接待台 sports field田径场stone table石桌 color TV彩电weather report天气预报二、精典名题导解选择填空1. It is generally believed that teaching is _it is a science. (NMET 2001)A. an art much as B. much an art asC. as an art much as