本文格式为Word版，下载可任意编辑英语思辨连线题汇总(1) 英语思辨连线题汇总 Claim: When a belief (judgment, opinion) is asserted in a declarative sentence, the result is a claim, statement, or assertion. Objective claim vs. subjective claim: An objective claim is true or false regardless of whether people think it is true or false. Claims that lack this property are said to be subjective. Fact vs. opinion: People sometimes refer to true objective claims as facts, and use the word opinion to designate any claim that is subjective. Factual claim: An objective claim. Saying that a claim is factual is not the same as saying it is true. A factual claim is simply a claim whose truth does not depend on our thinking it is true. Moral subjectivism: Moral subjectivism is the idea that moral judgments are subjective. There is nothing either good or bad but that thinking makes it so. Issue: A question. Argument: An argument consists of two partsone part of which (the premise or premises) is intended to provide a reason for accepting the other part (the conclusion). Argument: People sometimes use this word to refer just to an arguments premise. Arguments and issues: The conclusion of an argument states a position on the issue under consideration. Cognitive bias: A feature of human psychology that skews belief formation. The ones discussed in this chapter include the following: Belief bias: Evaluating reasoning by how believable its conclusion is. Confirmation bias: A tendency to attach more weight to considerations that support our views. Availability heuristic: Assigning a probability to an event based on how easily or frequently it is thought of. False consensus effect: Assuming our opinions and those held by people around us are shared by society at large. Bandwagon effect: The tendency to align our beliefs with those of other people. Negativity bias: Attaching more weight to negative information than to positive information. Loss aversion: Being more strongly motivated to avoid a loss than to accrue a gain. In-group bias: A set of cognitive biases that make us view people who belong to our group differently from people who dont. Fundamental attribution error: Having one understanding of the behavior of people in the in-group and another for people not in the in-group. Obedience to authority: A tendency to comply with instructions from an authority. Overconfidence effect: A cognitive bias that leads us to overestimate what percentage of our answers on a subject are correct. Better-than-average illusion: A self-deception cognitive bias that leads us to overestimate our own abilities relative to those of others. Truth: A claim is true if it is free from error. Knowledge: If you believe something, have an argument beyond a reasonable doubt that it is so, and have no reason to think you are mistaken, you can claim you know it. Arguments always have two parts, a premise (or premises) and a conclusion. The same statement can be a premise in one argument and a conclusion in a second argument. The two fundamental types of reasoning are deductive demonstration and inductive support. A deductive argument is used to demonstrate or prove a conclusion, which it does if it is sound. An argument is sound if it is valid and its premise (or premises) is true. An argument is valid if it isnt possible for its premise or premises to be true and its conclusion to be false. An inductive argument is used to support rather than to demonstrate a conclusion. An argument supports a conclusion if it increases the likelihood that the conclusion is true. Support is a matter of degrees: An argument supports a conclusion to the extent its premise (or premises) makes the conclusion likely. An argument that offers more support for a conclusion is said to be stronger than one that offers less support; the latter is said to be weaker than the former. Some instructors use the word strong in an absolute sense to denote inductive arguments whose premise (or premises) makes the conclusion more likely than not. If it doesnt make sense to think of an argument as providing evidence or support for a contention, it is probably because it is a deductive argument. Inductive arguments and deductive arguments can have unstated premises. Whether an argument is deductive or inductive may depend on what the unstated premise is said to be. If an argument is written, diagramming it may help you understand it. Balance of considerations reasoning often involves deductive and inductive elements. Inference to best explanation is a common type of inductive reasoning in which the conclusion explains the cause of something. This list summarizes the topics covered in this chapter: Clarity of language is extremely important to the ability to think critically. Clarity of language can often be lost as a result of multiple causes, including