精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Passage 1 Proper arrangement of classroom space is important to encouraging interaction.Most of us have noticed how important physical setting is to efficiency and comfort in our work.Todays corporation hire human engineering specialists and spend a considerable amount of time and money to make sure that the physical environments of buildings are fit to the activities of their inhabitants.Similarly, college classroom space should be designed to encourage the activity of critical thinking.We are already in the twenty-first century，but step into almost any college classroom and you step back in time at least a hundred years.Desks are normally in straight rows, so students can clearly see the teacher but not all their classmates.This assumption behind such an arrangement is obvious：Everything of importance comes from the teacher.With a little imagination and effort，unless desks are fixed to the floor，the teacher can correct this situation and create space that encourages interchange among students.In small or standardized classes，chairs，desks，and tables can be arranged in a variety of ways：circles，U-shapes，or semicircles.The primary goal should be for everyone to be able to see everyone else.Larger classes，particular those held in lecture halls，unfortunately，allow much less flexibility.Arrangement of the classroom should also make it easy to divide students into small groups for discussion or problem-solving exercises.Small classes with movable desks and tables present no problem.Even in large lecture halls，it is possible for students to turn around and form group of four to six.Breaking a class into small groups provides more opportunities for students to interact with each other，think out loud，and see how other students thinking processes operate-all essential elements in developing new modes of critical thinking.In courses that regularly use a small group format，students might be asked to stay in the same small groups throughout the course.A colleague of mine allows students to move around during the first two weeks，until they find a group they are comfortable with.He then asks them to stay in the same seat，with the same group，from that time on.This not only creates a comfortable setting for interaction but helps him learn students names and faces. 1. According to the passage，proper arrangement of physical environment in a company _.A. can improve working conditionsB. leads to an friendly atmosphereC. can promote working efficiencyD. produce an energetic team leader2. Desks in straight rows in a traditional classroom imply _.A. the importance of facial expressionsB. group work is not welcome in classC. strict rules that must be abided byD. the absolute authority of teachers3. The most important goal of classroom arrangement is to _.A. create more chances of interaction among studentsB. increase more speaking practices among studentsC. make it possible for teachers to judge how well students have learnedD. improve the relationship between students and teachers4. By dividing students into small groups，teachers _.A. find it easier to handle the in-class teachingB. can participate in group work convenientlyC. help develop students abilities in critical thinkingD. reinforce students ability in cooperation and communication5. It can be inferred that the author _.A. criticizes the importance of teachers in classB. stresses the importance of interaction among studentsC. is reluctant to teach in a classroom in the 21st centuryD. is eager to reform the desk arrangements in his collegePassage 4Material culture refers to what can be seen, held, felt, used-what a culture produces. Examining a cultures tools and technology can tell us about the groups history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music culture. The most vivid body of material culture in it, of course, is musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra.Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written