*Dong Lily, BFSU1*Dong Lily, BFSU2Outlinel theoretical basisl History-GATT l WTOl functionsl Principlesl Organizationl membershipl Concerns*Dong Lily, BFSU3Theoretical Basis l有节制的自由贸易理论l - the WTO is not just about liberalizing trade, and in some circumstances its rules support maintaining trade barriers -*Dong Lily, BFSU4国际组织的必要性 B 自由贸易保护A自由贸易P-C, P-C-C, PA保护P, -C0, 0*Dong Lily, BFSU5Historyl GATTl Eight trade rounds *Dong Lily, BFSU6A brief history (1)lThe General Agreement on Tariffs and TradelA provisional set of ruleslOriginally 23 contracting partieslEntered into force: 1 January 1948lTerminated on 31 December 1994 with 128 contracting parties*Dong Lily, BFSU7A brief history (2)lEight trade rounds (multilateral trade negotiations)lReduction of trade barriers and strengthening of rules for the conduct of international tradelGrowth of world trade consistently outpaced growth in world industrial production*Dong Lily, BFSU8Impact of GATT Tariff RatesAverage Tariff Rates on Manufactured Products % of ValueTable 1.1*Dong Lily, BFSU9Eight trade rounds*Dong Lily, BFSU10*Dong Lily, BFSU11l6 肯尼迪回合(1964-1967) n首次涉及非关税壁垒（第6条，反倾销）；n增加“贸易与发展”条款 l7 东京回合(1973-1979) n非关税壁垒彰显；n产生了只对签字方生效的一系列非关税措施协议，称“东京回合守则”；n允许发达缔约方给予发展中缔约方普遍优惠制待遇。 *Dong Lily, BFSU12The Tokyo Round codesl Subsidies and countervailing measuresl Technical barriers to trade l Import licensing proceduresl Government procurementl Customs valuationl Anti-dumping l Bovine Meat Arrangementl International Dairy Arrangementl Trade in Civil Aircraft*Dong Lily, BFSU131986.9-1994.4 Uruguay roundl背景 l新议题 l成果 nTariff reduction in goods trade nMost comprehensive trade agreement nWorld Trade Organization. single package*Dong Lily, BFSU14*Dong Lily, BFSU15*Dong Lily, BFSU16single packagel建立世界贸易组织协定16条l附件1，n附件1A货物多边贸易协定GATT，13个协定与协议；n附件1B：服务贸易总协定GATS；n附件1C：与贸易有关的知识产权协定TRIPSl附件2：关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解l附件3：贸易政策审议机制l附件4：诸边贸易协议*Dong Lily, BFSU17WTOlWTO and GATT are they the same? lDoha round*Dong Lily, BFSU18WTO and GATT are they the same?l No.l WTO is GATT plus a lot more.*Dong Lily, BFSU19GATT vs. WTOl Two GATTsn GATT, the international agency, no longer exists. It has now been replaced by the World Trade Organization.nGATT, the agreement, does still exist, but it is no longer the main set of rules for international trade. And it has been updated. GATT1947-GATT1994lSo, the GATT is dead, long live the GATT!*Dong Lily, BFSU20GATT vs. WTOlMain Differences lprovisional vs. permanent. lcontracting parties vs. memberslgoods vs. services and IP as well. ldispute settlement system nPositive consensus vs Negative consensus *Dong Lily, BFSU21Doha development roundl Implementation-Related Issues and Concerns; Agriculture; Services; TRIPs; Trade and Investment; Trade and Competition Policy; Transparency in Government Procurement; Trade and Environment; Electronic Commerce; Small Economies; Trade and Transfer of Technology; Least-Developed Countries; Special and Differential Treatment -*Dong Lily, BFSU22Doha roundl2001.11.9-14 launched in Doha l2003/9/1014 Cancun Mexico nAgriculturenSingapore topicslDoha Work Program-Adopted by the General Council on 1 August 2004*Dong Lily, BFSU23 functionsloverriding objective: help trade flow smoothly, freely, fairly and predictably. l Acting as a forum for trade negotiations谈判场所lAdministering trade agreements实施管理协定与协议*Dong Lily, BFSU24 functionslReviewing national trade policies政策评审lSettling trade disputes解决贸易争端*Dong Lily, BFSU25 functionsl Assisting developing countries in trade policy issues, through technical assistance and training programmes提供技术支持和培训lCooperating with other international organizations与有关国际组织合作*Dong Lily, BFSU26 Principlesl Trade without discriminationn Most-favored-nation (MFN)n National Treatment*Dong Lily, BFSU27lWith respect to customs duties and charges of any kind imposed on or in connection with importation or exportation or imposed on the international transfer of payments for imports or exports,land with respect to the method of levying such duties and charges, land with respect to all rules and formalities in connection with importation and exportation, land with respect to all matters referred to in paragraphs 2 and 4 of Article III,* Most-favored-nation (MFN)Article I GATT1947*Dong Lily, BFSU28 Most-favored-nation (MFN)Article I GATT1947lany advantage, favour, privilege or immunity granted by any contracting party to any product originating in or destined for any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product originating in or destined for the territories of all other contracting parties. *Dong Lily, BFSU29 Most-favored-nation (MFN)l“Any other country all other contracting parties” 多边化l“immediately and unconditionally” 无条件性*Dong Lily, BFSU30 Most-favored-nation (MFN)l适用范围ncustoms duties and chargesnmethod of levying such duties and charges nall rules and formalitiesnall matters referred to in paragraphs 2 and 4 of Article IIIlGATS TRIPS - Yes*Dong Lily, BFSU31Most-favored-nation (MFN)lex