语法难点突破之一 动词的时态和语态 语法专题突破 动词的时态和语态一直是历年高考的必考点。主要考查考生在特定语境下对时态和语态的理解，其中现在完成时、一般过去时、过去完成时的运用出现得最为频繁。此外，为了增加试题的区分度，命题者还常常把动词的时态和语态以及主谓一致结合在一起考查。在解题时要注意以下几个问题：1 这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干中可参照的时间信息有哪些？2 这个动作处于什么状态？是进行中，还是已结束(完成)？限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些？3 这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题，试题的答案也就水落石出了。 一、动词时态的基本结构和用法 类别意义例句现在时态一般现在时1.主要表示现在的特征、状态、经常性动作或客观事实等。2.用在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，表示将来。3.少数表示动作起止的动词有时也可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。I play ping pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year. If it rains tomorrow, will you still go？The plane for Canada leaves at 9：15. 类别意义例句现在时态现在进行时1.表示说话时 或现阶段正在进行的动作。2.与副词always，continually，constantly，never等连用时表示厌恶或赞扬等的感情色彩。3.go，come，leave，start，stay等少数表示来、去、开始、离开等意义的瞬间动词的进行时可以表示一个按规定、计划或安排好的将要进行的动作。My brother is reading an interesting novel these days. You are always forgetting the important things. Were moving to the new building next week. 类别意义例句现在时态现在完成时1.现在完成时的两种意义：表示动作发生于过去，对现在有一定的影响或结果。表示动作或状态过去已经开始，持续到现在而且可能继续下去。2.短暂性动词在肯定句中不可与表示时间段的for, since等连用。3.可用在表时间、条件、让步的状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。4.在It is the first/ second time that句型中，that从句的谓语动词用现在完成时。They have cleaned the classroom. (即： The room is clean now. )He has lived in this country for 40 years. Once you have made a promise, you shouldnt break it. It is the first time that I have been here. 类别意义例句现在时态现在完成进行时1.表示从过去某一时刻开始的动作一直延续到现在，现在可能刚刚结 束，也可能仍要继续。2.表示瞬间意义的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。Ive been sitting here all day. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy has been considering going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet. 类别意义例句过去时态一般过去时1.主要表示过去某时发生的情况或动作(包括过去习惯性的动作)。2.所表达的事件与现在无关。3.即使是刚刚发 生的事情也要用过去时。If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it rained all day. Sorry. I didnt know you were here. 类别意义例句过去时态过去进行时1.表示过去某一时间正进行的动作 。通常有时间状语(从句)，或有上下文提示。2.与副词always, continually, constantly, never等连用时表示厌恶或赞扬等的感情色彩。3.go，come，leave，start，stay等少数表示来、去、开始、离开等意义的瞬间动词 的进行时可以表示一个按规定、计划或安排好的过去某个时间将要进行的动作。As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.My grandfather was always forgetting things. Mr. Smith said he was leaving for London soon. 类别意义例句过去时态过去完成时1.表示某一动作或存在的状态发 生在过去某一时间 或动作之前，即“过去的过去”。 可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间 状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。2.表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间 的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间 状语连用。3.动词 think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现 的想法、希望、打算或意图等。4.用在hardlywhen，no soonerthan，It was the first (second, etc.) time (that)等固定句型中。By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 类别意义例句过去时态过去将来时1.常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。2.was/were about to dowhen正要做某事这时He said he would come and help me if necessary. I was just about to explain when he interrupted me. 类别意义例句将来时态will (shall)do其特殊用法：1单纯的将来。2说话时临时 的打算。 I will be 17 next month.Sorry, I forgot to post your letter.It doesnt matter. I will go and post it myself. 类别意义例句将来时态be going todo1. 按照计划打算做(即说话时 早已有的打算)。2根据客观迹象预示着。 Ann is in hospital. Yes, I know. Im going to visit her tomorrow.Look at the clouds. It is going to rain. 类别意义例句将来时态betodo 1. 表示按计划要发生的事或表示命令、职责、义务、要求等。 2可以用于条件句，表示“想，想要做。”3be to do 结构有时还可以表示“注定了”。 The president is to visit the school next week.You are to do your homework before you watch TV. (相当于should, ought to)If you are to pass the exams, you will have to study harder from now on.They were never to meet again. 类别意义例句将来时态beabouttodo 表示即将发生的动作，意为：很快，马上。后面一般不跟时间状语。常与when 连用， 构成句型“be about to do when ”(正要做这时) We are about to leave. 二、几种易混时态的辨析1 一般现在时与现在进行时一般现在时表示经常性的、习惯性的或状态性的行为。 而现在进行时则具有进行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。如：On the wall hangs a picture painted by Qi Baishi. This is not my coat. Mine is hanging behind the door. 如：重庆卷 The palace caught fire three times in the last century，and little of the original building _ now.AremainsBis remainedCis remainingDhas been remained 【解析】 A考查动词用法及时态。remain作不及物动词用，表示“剩下，仍有”，只能用于主动语态，不可直接跟宾语。结合语境应用一般现在时表示现状。2 一般过去时和现在完成时一般过去时所表达的事件与现在无关。而现在完成时则强调对现在的影响和结果。如：I stayed in Beijing for five days. Then I went to America. (I am not in Beijing now. )I have stayed in Beijing for five days and havent decided where to go next. (I am still in Beijing now and dont know where to go next.)北京卷 Im sorry，but I dont quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?Sorry，I _myself clear. We want to return on October 20.Ahadnt made Bwouldnt makeCdont make Dhavent made 【解析】 D本题考查时态和情景交际。答句句意为：抱歉，我还没有把我的意思表达明白，强调对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时态。3 一般过去时和过去进行时一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作或过去存在的状态。过去进行时则表示在过去某个时间点或时间段正在做某事。进行时具有进行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。如：I read a book last month. (书已经在过去某个时间点读完)I was reading a book last month. (书未读完) Has Sam finished his homework today? I have no idea. He _it this morning. Adid Bhas doneCwas doing Dhad done 【解析】 C此题容易误选A。根据I have no idea这一关键信息可知，说话者对是否完成并不知道，因此用进行时，表示今天上午在做。4 一般过去时和过去完成时判断是不是过去完成时应先从时间轴上找到表示“过去”的时间点或动作，然后判断在这个时间点或动作之前还有没有另一个动作，并且判断该句是否强调发生在前。 The moment I got home, I found I had left my jacket on the playground.5 完成时和完成进行时的用法比