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英语时态、语态 By Carley Kwong一、一般现在时: 概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况或真理。 时间状语:always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, etc.基本结构:be动词;行为动词否定形式:am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesnt,同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment以及if,unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时。 1) I will tell him the news as soon as I see him. 2) I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow. 某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,这类动词有:be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave等。 1) The plane leaves at three sharp. 二、一般过去时: 概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态; 过去 习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 基本结构:be动词;行为动词 1.I used to do my homework in the library. (注意与be used to doing短语的区别) 三、现在进行时:概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc.基本结构:am/is/are+doing 有些动词不能用进行时,这是一类表示“感觉,感情,存在,从属”等的动词。 如: (表示感觉的词) see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,; (表示感情的动词) hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive; (表示存在状态的动词) be,exist,remain,stay,obtain; (表示占有与从属的动词) have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form; (表示思考理解的动词) understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember。 但是如果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态。 1) Tom looks pale. Whats wrong with him? (look在此为联系动词,意为“显得,看上去”) 2) Tom is looking for his books. (look在此为实义动词,意为“寻找”) 四、现在完成时:概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。 时间状语:recently, lately, sincefor,in the past few years, etc. 基本结构:have/has + done So far, she hasnt enjoyed the summer vacation. 五、过去进行时: 概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 基本结构:was/were+doing 否定形式:was/were + not + doing. 一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。 Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk. 将来进行时 将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时刻开始,并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如: 1) This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema. 2) What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening? 六、过去完成时:概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。 时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc. 基本结构:had + done. 一般疑问句:had放于句首。 另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是:1) was / were + to have done sth,例如:We were to have come yesterday, but we couldnt. 2) intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如: I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.过去完成时常用于以下固定句型:“一就” 1) hardly, scarcely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。 Hardly _(I get)on the bus when it started to move. 2) no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。 No sooner _(I go) out than he came to see me. 七、一般将来时: 概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc. 基本结构:am/is/are/going to + do;在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或将发生的事情(打算好的) will/shall + do.(临时,即兴的) be to +v表示计划安排要做的事,具有“必要”的强制性意义。be due to +v表示预先确定了的事,必定发生的事。(按时刻表,计划, 安排) be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。be on the point of +v-ing强调即将发生的某种事态。 否定形式:was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didnt,同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。Exercise: -I thought I asked you to fix the radio. -Oh,sorry,Mum. I _ it right away. A.am to do B.will do C.was about to D.am going to 八、过去将来时: 概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。 时间状语:the next day(morning, year), the following month(week),etc. 基本结构:was/were/going to + do(本打算); would/should + do.(事先未经考虑) Exercise:翻译:我本打算去拜访我的舅舅,但最终我呆在家里了。. 几种常见时态的相互转换一、一般过去时与现在完成时1.现在完成时与一般过去时,动作都发生在过去。但现在完成时强调对现在造成的影响。 Exercise: I _ (live) there since 1990.(到现在为止还住着) I _(live)in the hotel in1990.(在1990年曾住过) I _ in a foreign trade company for five years. Still, I dont regret having given up the well-paid post. A.worked B.have worked C.was working D.had worked2. 使用完成时在时间状语从句中代替将来时。 Exercise:You can certainly leave the classroom as soon as your homework_. A. has done B. has been done C.will be done D.will have been done3.在句型This (That, It) is (was) the first (second) time +that sb. has(have) done 4.在时间状语by +时间点,主句用完成时。 Exercise: By now , we _(learn) 3000 words. By the end of this month, we _(finish) the task. By the time we got there, the film _(be) on. 5. 在句型It is/ has been +一段时间+since sb. did.(短肯延否)(did为短暂性动词句子为肯定,为延续性动词句子为否定) = 一段时间+ has passed since(短暂性动词) Exercise: It is a month since he left home.= _. 翻译: It is 3 months since he smoked. 翻译: 6.词组have been to /have gone to / have been in 的区分 Dad have _ _China on business 爸爸已经去中国出差了 Ive _ _ China 我去过中国了 I have _ _shanghai for ten years since I was a little girl 7.非延续性动词可以用完成时,但不能和一段时间连用。 Exercise:判断题He has left home. _ He has left home a month ago._二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换 在一般现在时中,at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”,如at work(在工作), at school(上学、上课)等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看: Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. =Peter is working, but Mike is playing.三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换 在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。 如:I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来,妈妈! Exercise: 1. Hurry up! The play for ten minutes. A. has begun B. had begun
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