Study Guide for Health Psychology1. health psychology：Health psychology is devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill.2. Health：A complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.健康，不仅是没有身体缺陷和疾病，还要有完整的生理、心理状态和社会适应能力。 3. What are the four factors Led to the Development of Health Psychology?l changing pattern of illness（类型） l the increase in medical costs l the changing definition of health l the emergence of the biopsychosocial model(出现)4. The mind-body relationship ：This is the relationship between a human body and its unique mind. Theories of the body-mind relationship can be divided into two broad categories: Monistic and Dualistic theories5. Psychosomatic medicine：.The field of inquiry that searches for psychological or emotional causes for illness. .The mind plays an important role in physical illness .Ulcers（溃疡） .essential hypertension 原发性高血压 .Skin disorders .asthma sm 哮喘、6. Biopsychosocial model：Its fundamental assumption is that health and illness are consequences of the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors. 7. learned helplessness：A response to helplessness in which an individual not only learns to cease responding in an environment in which helplessness was initially experienced but also ceases to respond in new environments in which adaptive responses are possible. 8. The Health Belief Model HBM is a value-expectancy （价值预期）theory。A theory of health behaviors; the model predicts that whether a person practices a particular health habit can be understood by knowing the degree to which the person perceives a personal health threat and the perception that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat. 9. What are health behaviors? Health behaviors are behaviors undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their health. p.5510. Healthy and unhealthy belief不干不净，吃了没病。饭后一颗烟，赛过活神仙。饭后百步走，活到九十九。11. Theory of Planned Behavior: Derived from the theory of reasoned action, this theoretical viewpoint maintains that a persons behavioral intentions and behaviors can be understood by knowing the persons attitudes about the behavior, subjective norms regarding the behavior, and perceived behavioral control over that action. A health behavior is the direct result of a behavioral intention.Intention is an indication of a persons readiness to perform a given behavior, and it is considered to be the immediate antecedent of behavior. 目的是说明一个人准备表现的给定的行为，被认为是立即前期的行为。The intention is based on three components:Attitudes Beliefs (outcome expectancies) Ones positive or negative evaluation of performing a behaviorValues： about the consequences of performing the behavior Values: appraisal (importance) of the consequencesSubjective Norms：Ones perception of the social pressures to perform or not perform a behavior.Motivation to comply with these people.Perceived behavioral control refers to peoples perceptions of their ability to perform a given behavior. Someone likely to drink and driveCognitive-behavioral approaches to health behavior changeFocus on the target behavior itself: the conditions that elicit and maintain it and the factors that reinforce it. 12. Transtheoretical model of behavior changehealth behavior change involves progress through six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination.Precontemplation意向前期No intention to change behavior in the foreseeable future (next 6 months).Contemplation沉思People are aware that a problem exists and are seriously thinking about overcoming it but have not yet made a firm commitment 承诺to take action.。Intending to change within 6 months; open to feedback and information about how to change. However, ambivalent about the costs and benefits of their behavior.PreparationIndividual is intending to take action in the next month and has unsuccessfully taken action in the past year. Actively planning change and already taking some steps toward action such as reducing frequency of problem behavior.Action Stage in which individuals modify their behavior, experiences, or environment in order to overcome their problems. Involves overt明显的behavioral changes and requires commitment of time and energy.e.g., Maintenance People work to prevent relapse and consolidate the gains attained during action.Sustaining change and resisting temptation to relapse.Stage extends from 6 months and beyond the initial behavioral change.termination.13. What are fear appeals? Fear appeals play on a persons emotions in a negative manner. Like humorous appeals, fear appeals are commonly used. Fear appeals draw attention to common fears and/or risks and then associate them with not using the prod