呼啸山庄：一部女性哥特小说_英美文学论文 AbstractWutheringHeightsistheonlynovelbyEmilyBront,anEnglishwomanwriterinthe19thcentury.Alsoitisapieceofexquisiteworksoftheworldsliterature,whichdisplaysaseaofGothiccolors.ThispapertriestomakearesearchontheproductionofWutheringHeights,basingonGothictraditionofEuropeanandAmericanliterature.EmilyBrontmakesuseofandbreaksthroughGothictraditioninthefacetsoftheportrayalofthecharactersandtheuseofimage.Drawingonherextraordinaryimagination,EmilysucceedsinmergingrealitywithGothictechniqueslikesymbolism,terror,andmystery,inputsthepassionatefeelingsandenergyintotheoldmodes,andperfectlyunitestheGothicformwithpassionatecontents.ThethesisaimsatdiggingoutsomehiddenimplicationsinthenovelfromanewanddifferentperspectivetoprovidethereaderwithmoreenlightenmentandspeculationandtriesatthesametimetohelpthereadersrereadthisnovelfromtheangleofFemaleGothicbydisplayingthesurrealisticdescriptionofthedevilishcharactersandthenightmares. KeyWordsWutheringHeights;FemaleGothicnovel;devilishcharacters;nightmares 【摘要】呼啸山庄是19世纪英国女作家艾米莉勃朗特的惟一的一部小说，也是世界文学园地中的一朵奇葩，其中展现了大量的哥特色彩。本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究呼啸山庄的创作，作家艾米莉在人物形象和意象等方面都借鉴了哥特传统并有所突破；她凭借超乎寻常的想象力，将现实与象征、恐怖、神秘等哥特手法完美地结合在一起，给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感和活力，达到哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一。笔者试图从一个新的角度女性哥特来挖掘出呼啸山庄中尚未被挖掘出的一些新的意蕴和内涵。同时也希望通过展示魔鬼式人物和梦魇的超现实主义描写，使我们能够从女性哥特的角度解读这部小说。 【关键词】呼啸山庄；女性哥特小说；魔鬼式人物；梦魇 1.Introduction EmilyBrontisanEnglishwomanwriterofsuperbtalentduringtheVictorianAge.SheiswellknownforheronlynovelWutheringHeights,astrangeandpowerfulbook,saidbymanytobethefinestnovelintheEnglishlanguage.Yetshortlyafterthedesolateandshockingmasterpiececomesout,itisattackedandblamedtobefloodedwithmorbidpsychologyandpaganism.“Anyonewhodidreaditwasrepulsedbythebrutalityandviolenceofthecharacters”1andbythefactthatitdifferedsomuchfromtheromanticnovelsoftheday.TheydonotwantrealismasEmilydepictsit,andtheydonotwantwild,fierceantiheroeslikeHeathcliff-whoismorelikeavillain-orwillful,passionateheroineslikeCatherineEarnshaw.Andthatisthereasonwhysheiskeptawayfromthemainstreamofthenineteenthcenturyliterature,anddonotreceiveherfairfameuntilthecomingofthetwentiethcentury.BothEmilyandherworksaremysteriousandunique.TherearevariousapproachesappliedbythecriticstostudyWutheringHeightsfromtheaspectsofthetheme,thewritingtechnique,loveandrevenge,andsoon.However,thereishardlyanyattempttoresearchWutheringHeightsbycombiningitsGothiccontextwiththefeministviewpoint.Inviewofthisblank,theauthoristryingtorereadthisworkasaFemaleGothicnovelmainlybasedonthefollowingthreefacets:Firstly,inthehistoryofEnglishliteraturetheearlyGothicnovelsoriginatedinthelatterhalfoftheeighteenthcentury.Itwasopportunethatthewholestoryhappened,developed,andendedintheperiodfrom1771to1802.Atthattime,theEnglishGothicnovelswerecatchingonlikefirethroughoutthecountry.WiththedevelopmentofGothicnovelspeoplegraduallyforgottheearlyGothicnovels.YetfromtheBrontsistersJaneEyreandWutheringHeightswecanstillfindtheGothicfeaturesevidently.Secondly,sincetheIndustrialRevolutioninthesecondhalfoftheeighteenthcentury,theclassstructureandpeopleswayoflivinginEnglishsocietyhadundergoneradicalchanges.Peoplethenweretiredoftheoldlivingmodeandexpectedsomethingnovelandpleasing,whichformedthesocialbasisfortheproductionofGothicnovels.Finally,therearecountlessculturaltiesbetweenWutheringHeightsanditsauthor.“Strongerthanaman,simplerthanachild.”2CharlotteBrontusesthesewordstodescribeher.Emilyisthetrulyfreespiritofthefamily,onewhocouldnotliveawayfromherbelovedextensivethoughdangerousandbleakmoors-Haworth.HerfatherisofIrishstockandfamousforhisfluentspeechandimagination.HeplaysaveryimportantroleinshapingEmilyscharacterandgenius-“thetemperamentoftheIrish-melancholy,passionate,proud,restless,eloquent,andwittyandtheMethodistreligiousfervorandenthusiasmshownbythefollowersofJohnWesley.”3Besides“environmentalsoplayeditspartincreatingtheuniquenessofEmilyBront.ThevillageofHaworthwasveryisolatedandintenselyYorkshireandthepeoplelivingtherewereinstrongcontrasttotheCeltictemperament.Theywereblunt,practical,stubborn,sparingofspeech,vigorous,andharshtothepointofbrutality.”4TheproductofthemoorsexaltsthespiritofEmilyandfillshersoulwiththeloveofliberty.AnotherfactorthatinfluencesEmilyscharacterisherbrother,Branwell,theonetowhomEmilyhasalwaysbeenclosest.BranwellsfallingpreytodrinkanddrugsalmostmakesEmilysheartbroken.Becauseofhisdeath,Emilyneverleavesthehouseagainandinsistsonkeepingupherregularroundofduties.AfewmonthsafterBranwellsdeath,Emilydiesattheageofthirty. Inconclusion,EmilyBront“usedthestarkYorkshiresetting,nottocreatesuspenseandhorror,asinthetypicalGothicnovel,butasanaturalpartofherstory.”5Ononehand,shecarriesontheGothictraditioninhercreationofthenovel.Ontheotherhand,shehasnotjustemployedthemodebutpromotessomeimprovementsinthisoldtradition.SheusedtheskillofFemaleGothicinherwritingofthenovel.Inthefollowing,theauthoristryingtomakeastudyonWutheringHeightsfromtheaspectsofthedevilishcharactersandtheterrifyingnightmares. 2.FromGothicnoveltoFemaleGothicnovel InstudyingW