Unit 18Oralcavity、nasal、pharynx、larynx 口、鼻、咽、喉口、鼻、咽、喉The Oral Cavity口腔口腔1. Partse分部分部Oral vestibule口腔前庭口腔前庭 : between cheeks and lip and teethOral cavity proper固有口腔固有口腔: within arch of teeth Oral vestibule leads, by the space behind the molar teeth, into the oral cavity proper Anterior and lateral: gum and teeth Posterior: isthmus of fauces Roof: palate Floor: tongue, muscles and mucous membrane 2. Boundaries境界境界3.Structures of the oral cavity口腔各部的结构口腔各部的结构(1)Theorallips口唇口唇组成:皮肤,口轮匝肌,粘膜上唇下唇口裂唇红(2)Thecheeks颊颊组成:皮肤,颊肌,粘膜腮腺导管开口部位:正对上颌第二磨牙的颊粘膜.Hard palate硬腭硬腭：位于腭的前位于腭的前2/32/3，由上颌骨腭，由上颌骨腭突、腭骨水平板及表面覆盖粘膜构成突、腭骨水平板及表面覆盖粘膜构成 Soft palate软腭软腭：位于腭的后位于腭的后1/31/3，由肌肉和粘膜构，由肌肉和粘膜构成成Velum palatinum 腭帆腭帆：软腭后部向软腭后部向下倾斜的部分下倾斜的部分 Uvula 腭垂：腭垂：软腭游离缘中部向下的突起软腭游离缘中部向下的突起Palatogolssal arch 腭舌弓：腭舌弓：软软腭两侧连于舌根外侧的粘膜皱襞腭两侧连于舌根外侧的粘膜皱襞Palatopharygeal arch 腭咽弓：腭咽弓：软软腭两侧连于咽侧壁的粘膜皱襞腭两侧连于咽侧壁的粘膜皱襞Partse分部分部Structures结构结构isthmus of the fauces咽峡咽峡：由腭垂、腭帆游离缘、两侧的腭由腭垂、腭帆游离缘、两侧的腭舌弓及舌根共同围成，是口腔和咽的分界，也是口腔和咽之间的狭部。舌弓及舌根共同围成，是口腔和咽的分界，也是口腔和咽之间的狭部。(3)The Palate 腭腭 The Palate 腭腭 Hard palateSoft palateVelum palatinumPalatogolssal archUvula Palatopharygeal arch Isthmus of fauces (4)The Tongue舌舌 Shape形态形态Apex of tongue舌尖舌尖Teminal sulcus界沟界沟Body of tongue舌体舌体Rootoftongue舌根舌根Upper surfaceFrenulum of tongue舌系带舌系带Sublingual caruncle舌下阜舌下阜inferior surfaceSublingual gland舌下腺舌下腺 Papillae of tongue 舌乳头舌乳头 Vallate papillae轮廓乳头轮廓乳头 Filiform papillae 丝状乳头丝状乳头Fungiform papillae菌状乳头菌状乳头Foliate papillae叶状乳头叶状乳头 Filiform papillae have no taste buds 丝状乳头没有味蕾丝状乳头没有味蕾 Muscles of tongue舌肌舌肌1)Intrinsic muscles舌内肌舌内肌 superior longitudinal muscle上纵肌上纵肌 inferior longitudinal muscle下纵肌下纵肌 transverse muscle舌横肌舌横肌 vertical muscle 舌垂直肌舌垂直肌2) Extrinsic muscles舌外肌舌外肌 genioglossus 颏舌肌颏舌肌 hyoglossus 舌骨舌肌舌骨舌肌 styloglossus 茎突舌肌茎突舌肌 styloglossus 茎突舌肌茎突舌肌genioglossus 颏舌肌颏舌肌hyoglossus 舌骨舌肌舌骨舌肌a.分布于舌的感觉神经分布于舌的感觉神经舌前舌前2/3的一般感觉：三叉神经的舌神经的一般感觉：三叉神经的舌神经舌前舌前2/3的味觉：面神经的鼓索的味觉：面神经的鼓索舌后舌后1/3的一般感觉和味觉：舌咽神经的一般感觉和味觉：舌咽神经b.分布于舌的运动神经分布于舌的运动神经全部舌肌均由舌下神经支配全部舌肌均由舌下神经支配Nerves of tongue舌的神经舌的神经 (5)The Teeth牙牙Features Two sets: Deciduous teeth 乳牙乳牙Permanent teeth恒牙恒牙 Classification: Incisors 切牙切牙Canine 尖牙尖牙Premolars 前磨牙前磨牙Molars 磨牙磨牙Deciduous teeth乳牙乳牙: are 20 in numberTen teeth in each mandibular and maxillary arch Central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, first molar and second molarUpper jaw total 20Lower jaw in. in. can. mol. mol. Permanent teeth恒牙恒牙 (adult): are 32 in number Sixteen in each mandibular and maxillary archTwo incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molars in each quadrant Upper jaw 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 total 32 Lower jaw Structures 结构结构Crown Of tooth牙冠牙冠Neck Of tooth牙颈牙颈Root Of tooth牙根牙根Dental cavity牙腔牙腔Root canal牙根管牙根管Apical foramen 牙根尖孔牙根尖孔右上颌12345678第第第第第尖侧中左下颌三二一二一切切磨磨磨前前牙牙牙牙牙牙磨磨牙牙牙式牙式1)恒牙5左上颌右下颌乳乳乳第第中侧尖一二切切牙乳乳牙牙磨磨牙牙2)乳牙 3舌下腺舌下腺 形态：扁长圆形 sublingualsublingual glandgland 位置：在舌下襞深面 导管：大管与下颌下腺管共同开口于舌下 阜，小管约10条，开口于舌下襞2下颌下腺下颌下腺 形态：呈卵圆形 ubmandibularubmandibular gland gland 位置：下颌下三角内 导管：开口于舌下阜 1腮腺腮腺 形态：不规则三角形，分浅、深两部parotidglandparotidgland 位置：耳廓前下方，咬肌后缘，下颌后窝内 导管：开口于平对上颌第二磨牙相对的颊粘膜，开口处称腮腺管乳头（6） salivary gland唾液腺唾液腺大唾液腺有三对，包括腮腺、下颌下腺和舌下腺二二.Nose 鼻鼻Compositions(1) External nose外鼻外鼻: Root of nose 鼻根鼻根 Back of nose 鼻背鼻背 Apex of nose 鼻尖鼻尖 Alae nasi 鼻翼鼻翼(2) Nasal cavity鼻腔鼻腔 divided into two halves by nasal septumlimen nasi鼻阈鼻阈Nasal vestibule鼻前庭鼻前庭Proper nasal cavity固有鼻腔固有鼻腔鼻中隔nasal septum由筛骨垂直板、犁骨、鼻中隔软骨构成，被覆粘膜。Superiornasalconcha上鼻甲上鼻甲Inferior nasal concha下鼻道下鼻道commonnasalmeatus总鼻道总鼻道Sphenoethmoidalrecess蝶筛隐窝蝶筛隐窝Middle nasal concha中鼻甲中鼻甲Inferior nasal concha下鼻甲下鼻甲Superior nasal meatus上鼻道上鼻道Middle nasal meatus中鼻道中鼻道Olfactory regionOlfactory region 嗅区 located upper nasal cavity, above superior，nasal conchae，contains olfactory cellsMucous membrane of nose鼻腔的粘膜分为嗅区嗅区olfactoryregion和呼吸区呼吸区respiratoryregion两部分。respiratoryregion呼吸区呼吸区its function is to warm, moisten, and clean the inspired airFrontal sinus额窦额窦Ethmoidal sinuses筛窦筛窦Sphenoid sinus 蝶蝶 窦窦Maxillary sinus 上颌窦上颌窦(3) Paranasal sinuses 鼻旁窦鼻旁窦The paranasal sinuses and their site of drainage into the noseName of sinusSite of drainageFrontal sinusMiddle meatusMaxillary sinusMiddle meatusSphenoid sinusSphenoethmoidal recessEthmoidal sinuses anterior group middle group posterior group Middle meatusMiddle meatus Superior nasal meatus 三三.Pharynx 咽咽Oropharynx口咽口咽Nasopharynx鼻咽鼻咽Laryngopharynx喉咽喉咽1.Parts 分部分部2.Features 形态形态Tubal torus咽鼓管圆枕咽鼓管圆枕Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube 咽鼓管咽口咽鼓管咽口3.咽的交通咽的交通鼻咽鼻咽经鼻后孔通鼻腔,经咽鼓管咽口通中耳鼓室。口咽口咽经咽峡通口腔。喉咽喉咽经喉口通喉腔，向下通食管。4.Muscular of pharynx 咽肌咽肌四四. Larynx 喉喉 situated in the anterior part of the neck (below the hyoid bone), and extends from vertebral level of C4 to C6 1.Position 位置位置2. Layngeal cartilages 喉软骨喉软骨 Thyroid cartialge 甲状软骨甲状软骨Cricoid cartialge 环状软骨环状软骨包括不成对的包括不成对的甲状软骨甲状软骨、环环状软骨状软骨、会厌软骨会厌软骨和成对的和成对的杓状软骨杓状软骨。Laryngeal prominenceSuperior and inferior cornuSuperior thyroid notch甲状软骨甲状软骨Thyroid cartialge形似盾牌，构成喉的前外侧壁，由左、右板合成。形似盾牌，构成喉的前外侧壁，由左、右板合成。两板的前缘彼此融合成直角（男性）或钝角（女性）。左、右板融合处的上端向两板的前缘彼此融合成直角（男性）或钝角（女性）。左、右板融合处的上端向前突出，在成年男子特别显著，称喉结。左、右板的后缘均向